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Communicatiewetenschap samenvatting 2023 (14/20 gehaald)

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Samenvatting van communicatiewetenschap Zowel boek als lessen hierin vervat

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August 9, 2023
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Communicatiewetenschap – meer detail samenvatting

Contents
1. Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding......................................................................................... 6
2. Hoofdstuk 2: Basisconcepten en modellen.........................................................6
2.1. Inleiding........................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Wat is communicatie?.................................................................................. 6
2.3. Breek- of discussiepunten in de definities van communicatie......................7
2.3.1. Intentionaliteit als breekpunt.................................................................7
2.3.2. Geslaagdheid als breekpunt...................................................................9
2.3.3. Richting van de communicatie als breekpunt........................................9
2.3.4. Observatieniveau als breekpunt............................................................9
2.4. Elementen in het communicatieproces........................................................9
2.4.1. Zender/bron........................................................................................... 9
2.4.2. Ontvanger/bestemmeling.....................................................................10
2.4.3. Boodschap............................................................................................ 10
2.4.4. Signaal................................................................................................. 11
2.4.5. Kanaal.................................................................................................. 11
2.4.6. Medium................................................................................................ 11
2.4.7. Ruis...................................................................................................... 13
2.4.8. Feedback.............................................................................................. 13
2.5. Communicatiemodellen..........................................................................13
2.5.1. Inleiding............................................................................................... 13
2.5.2. Communicatieformule van Lasswell.....................................................14
2.5.3. Het mathematische model van Shannon and Weaver.........................14
2.5.4. Verdere uitwerking van het SW-model door DeFleur...........................15
2.5.5. Circulair model van Osgood en Schramm............................................16
2.5.6. Spiraal van Dance (helical model)........................................................16
2.5.7. Gerbners algemeen model van communicatie.....................................16
2.5.8. Het ABX-model van Newcomb..............................................................17
2.5.9. Westley en Macleans aanpassing van ABX-model................................18
2.5.10. Het massacommunicatiemodel van Maletzke....................................18
2.5.11. Carey: Ritueel model van communicatie............................................19
2.5.12. Aandachtsmodel van McQuail............................................................20
3. Hoofdstuk 3: Verbale communicatie.................................................................20
3.1. Inleiding...................................................................................................... 20
3.2. Kenmerken van de natuurlijke taal............................................................20
3.3. Subsystemen van taal................................................................................ 22
3.4. Pragmatische stijlen en structuren.............................................................25

, 3.4.1. De conversatie..................................................................................... 26
3.4.2. De klasinteractie.................................................................................. 26
3.5. Interactief discours: coherentie en structuur.............................................26
3.5.1. Coördinatie van conversatiebijdragen..................................................26
3.5.2. Small talk............................................................................................. 27
3.5.3. Taal en sociale identiteit......................................................................29
3.5.4. Taal en culturele verschillen................................................................29
4. Hoofdstuk 4: Non-verbale communicatie..........................................................31
4.1. Kenmerken van non-verbale communicatie...............................................31
4.1.1. Non-verbale communicatie kan onbedoeld zijn....................................31
4.1.2. Non-verbale communicatie bestaat uit verschillende codes................31
4.1.3. Non-verbale communicatie is onmiddellijk, continu en natuurlijk........31
4.1.4. Non-verbale communicatie is zowel universeel als cultureel,
aangeboren als aangeleerd............................................................................32
4.2. Voor welke soort informatie is non-verbale communicatie belangrijk?......32
4.2.1. Eerste indrukken.................................................................................. 32
4.2.2. Relationele informatie..........................................................................32
4.2.3. Emoties uitdrukken.............................................................................. 32
4.3. Non-verbale versus verbale communicatie................................................33
4.4. Verschillende studies van non-verbale communicatie...............................33
4.4.1. Kinesics................................................................................................ 33
4.4.1.1. Lichaamshouding.............................................................................. 34
4.4.2. Proxemics............................................................................................. 36
4.4.3. Haptics................................................................................................. 38
4.4.4. Chronemics.......................................................................................... 38
4.4.5. Studie van fysieke kenmerken.............................................................39
4.4.6. Taal van objecten................................................................................. 39
4.4.7. Paralinguïstiek...................................................................................... 40
4.4.8. Hoe ziet non-verbale communicatie eruit in een online context..........40
5. Interpersoonlijke en groepscommunicatie........................................................40
5.1. Interpersoonlijke communicatie.................................................................40
5.1.1. Interpersoonlijke communicatie als een speciale vorm van dyadische
communicatie................................................................................................ 40
5.1.2. De ontwikkeling van interpersoonlijke relaties.....................................42
5.1.3. (Potentiële) probleemaspecten binnen relaties....................................47
5.2. Groepscommunicatie................................................................................. 48
5.2.1. Wat is een groep.................................................................................. 48
5.2.2. Groepsprocessen.................................................................................. 51
6. Hoofdstuk 7: Massacommunicatie: de mediaorganisatie.................................54
6.1. Inleiding...................................................................................................... 54

, 6.2. Een organisationele benadering van de nieuwsproductie..........................55
6.2.1. De inhoud van het nieuws....................................................................55
6.2.2. Organisatie-interne en –externe factoren die de nieuwsinhoud
beïnvloeden.................................................................................................... 56
6.3. Een organisationele benadering van de fictieproductie.............................66
6.3.1. De inhoud van soap opera’s.................................................................67
6.3.2. Organisatie-interne en –externe drukkingen die de inhoud van soaps
beïnvloeden.................................................................................................... 67
6.3.3. Invloeden op het niveau van de mediaroutines...................................67
7. Massacommunicatie: de inhoud.......................................................................69
7.1. Mediatekst.................................................................................................. 69
7.1.1. Wat is een mediatekst..........................................................................69
7.1.2. Open versus gesloten teksten..............................................................70
7.1.3. Soorten lezingen of decoderingen........................................................70
7.1.4. Realisme van mediateksten.................................................................71
7.1.5. Analyse van mediateksten...................................................................72
7.2. Mediagenres............................................................................................... 73
7.2.1. Kenmerken........................................................................................... 73
7.2.2. Voorbeeld van een vrij recent genre: reality TV...................................74
8. Massacommunicatie: het publiek.....................................................................74
8.1. Inleiding...................................................................................................... 74
8.2. Veranderende publieksconcepten..............................................................74
8.3. Publieksonderzoek..................................................................................... 75
8.3.1. Doelstellingen: media- versus publieksgecentreerd.............................75
8.3.2. Onderzoekstradities............................................................................. 76
8.3.3. Onderzoeksmethoden..........................................................................77
8.4. Totstandkoming van een (TV)-publiek........................................................78
8.4.1. Structurele verklaringen voor TV-kijken...............................................78
8.5. Uses and Gratifications: mediagebruik als doelbewuste
behoeftebevrediging......................................................................................... 80
8.5.1. Inleiding: vroege studies......................................................................80
8.5.2. Uitgangspunten van Uses and Gratifications theorie...........................81
8.5.3. Aanvullingen en kritiek op de Uses and Gratifications-theorie.............82
8.5.4. Integratie van beide perspectieven?....................................................82
8.6. Televisie 2.0?............................................................................................. 83
9. Hoofdstuk 10: Massacommuicatie: de effecten................................................83
9.1. Inleiding...................................................................................................... 83
9.2. Almacht van de mediaparadigma...............................................................83
9.2.1. Uitgangspunten.................................................................................... 83
9.2.2. Lasswell, Institute for propaganda analysis, na WOI............................84

, 9.2.3. Payne Fund Studies (Periode van late jaren ‘20 – begin jaren ‘30)......84
9.2.4. War of the worlds-hoorspel op CBS (1938) - Orson Wells.....................85
9.3. Beperkte effecten – paradigma..................................................................86
9.3.1. “The people’s choice”, Lazarsfeld, Berelson and Gaudet, 1940...........86
9.3.2. “The Iowa study of hybrid seed corn: the adoption of innovation”(1943,
Ryan & Gross)................................................................................................ 89
9.3.3. “Experiments with film” + “Communication and persuasion”.............90
9.3.4. Klapper................................................................................................. 92
9.4. Lange termijn-effecten – paradigma..........................................................93
9.4.1. Agenda-setting-theorie........................................................................93
9.4.2. Zwijgspiraaltheorie............................................................................... 95
9.4.3. Cultivatieheorie.................................................................................... 96
9.4.4. Mediatheorie (CHANNEL THEORY, MEDIA FORMALISM)........................98
9.5. Kritische ‘cultural studies’ en de media.....................................................99
9.6. Media-effecten in de nieuwe(re) media omgeving.....................................99
10. Is this the real me? Idealized and true selves on social media.....................100

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