Language
generals to revise and examples
Direct and Indirect speech
generally speaking when something is in direct speech it will be SAID and with inverted commas
first look at the tense of what is being said and take one step back from the verb (ie: present tense verb will
change to a past tense verb)
eg: Jack said, "I like pizza" will change to Jack said that he liked pizza
remember to change pronouns
the step back rule will always apply to words that indicate time too
REMEMBER:
future - present - past - past perfect
TIME WORDS THAT CHANGE:
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
tomorrow - the next day
now - then
this - that
here - there
Reader and Writer Positioning
reader positioning: how is the reader manipulated to follow the writers opinion by the use of emotive words
(essentially style)
writers positioning: how does the writer structure the information in the paragraphs and. (eg: sentence structure)
Propaganda and persuasive techniques
persuades the point of view of the reader, by being highly opinionated and makes use of evidence to support their
statement (eg: information, facts, statements and statistics)
one needs to evaluate the accuracy, validity and reliability if the evidence
PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES:
emotive language - loaded language that can be positive or negative to sway opinions
use of hyperbole or exaggeration - more persuasive to detest something
modality - refers to the selection of words to suggest shades of meaning (ie: might, must and could)
puns and cliché's
anecdotes - the use of short stories to help engage an audience to your side
inclusive language - words that include the reader to sway them to your side
rhetorical questions - the question becomes a statement because the answer is obvious
repetition - carries and emphasises an idea to make it memorable
bias - only one view is presented so it helps get a point across
generalisations - sweeping statements like 'everybody and nobody' to make a claim sound like the truth
active voice - easier to understand as it is more direct
rule of three - anything that presents itself in a form of 3 is most likely to be easily processed
, PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES:
emotive language - appeals to emotion not reason
repetition - used to reinforce an idea and help brainwash the reader
rhetorical questions - encourages mindless acceptance of another point
frequent use of pronouns - helps the idea of 'them' vs 'us'
appealing to a group identity - the use of 'we' and 'they' to help strengthen the idea that one belongs or is alienate
promoting feelings of shame and guilt - bullies a group into submission
generalisations - lends authority to an argument
lies or distortions of the truth - outright lie vs white lies
simplification/ artificial dichotomy - when a claim is made and there is only 2 sides of the story rather than
alternatives
assertions - opinions stated as facts
scapegoating - transfer of blame to a person/ a group
name calling/ stereotyping - rejects a person without examining what the label means
less common techniques:
transference or virtue by association - transference is when a symbol carries an idea to make it look acceptable
deification - when an idea appears to be holy therefore above the law
plain folks - convinces the audience that an idea is good because they are the same ideas of the vast majority
band wagon - tries to convince us that a point of view is correct because is they don't do it they'll miss out
illogical arguments - an often untrue statement used to throw an opponent off guard or to embarrass them
ignoring the question - plays more time to avoid answering
lesser of evils - used to justify an unpleasant or unpopular point of view by minimising unpleasant realities
cause and effect mismatch - confuses the audience about what really are the causes and effects
card stacking and selecting information out of context - similar to a set-up (does not present the full story)
Textual Editing
cant have a double negative
concord between the verb and their subject
split infinitives
misrelated participles
overuse of a specific punctuation marks
every sentence needs a main clause
conjunctions can be used to connect sentences, not adverbs
cannot end the sentence on a preposition
correct pronouns
cannot start a sentence on and and but
limit the use of capital letters (reserved for the start of sentences and for proper nouns)
redundancy and tautology
you cannot have american spelling
inappropriate use of a hyperbole
cannot have mixed metaphors
cannot splice sentences with a comma
ellipsis must be 3 full sentences not anymore not less
apostrophe mistakes
malapropisms (misuse of a word with a similar sound)
Summaries
summaries must be concise and short made up of the main points made up in the text
can be in point form or in a paragraph form
must be adapted to fit a specific register
continuous piece of prose
read the instructions, read the passage, highlight key words and delete all the details (examples, names and
details)
right a rough and compare it with the original
write a final and polish
provide a word count
generals to revise and examples
Direct and Indirect speech
generally speaking when something is in direct speech it will be SAID and with inverted commas
first look at the tense of what is being said and take one step back from the verb (ie: present tense verb will
change to a past tense verb)
eg: Jack said, "I like pizza" will change to Jack said that he liked pizza
remember to change pronouns
the step back rule will always apply to words that indicate time too
REMEMBER:
future - present - past - past perfect
TIME WORDS THAT CHANGE:
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
tomorrow - the next day
now - then
this - that
here - there
Reader and Writer Positioning
reader positioning: how is the reader manipulated to follow the writers opinion by the use of emotive words
(essentially style)
writers positioning: how does the writer structure the information in the paragraphs and. (eg: sentence structure)
Propaganda and persuasive techniques
persuades the point of view of the reader, by being highly opinionated and makes use of evidence to support their
statement (eg: information, facts, statements and statistics)
one needs to evaluate the accuracy, validity and reliability if the evidence
PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES:
emotive language - loaded language that can be positive or negative to sway opinions
use of hyperbole or exaggeration - more persuasive to detest something
modality - refers to the selection of words to suggest shades of meaning (ie: might, must and could)
puns and cliché's
anecdotes - the use of short stories to help engage an audience to your side
inclusive language - words that include the reader to sway them to your side
rhetorical questions - the question becomes a statement because the answer is obvious
repetition - carries and emphasises an idea to make it memorable
bias - only one view is presented so it helps get a point across
generalisations - sweeping statements like 'everybody and nobody' to make a claim sound like the truth
active voice - easier to understand as it is more direct
rule of three - anything that presents itself in a form of 3 is most likely to be easily processed
, PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES:
emotive language - appeals to emotion not reason
repetition - used to reinforce an idea and help brainwash the reader
rhetorical questions - encourages mindless acceptance of another point
frequent use of pronouns - helps the idea of 'them' vs 'us'
appealing to a group identity - the use of 'we' and 'they' to help strengthen the idea that one belongs or is alienate
promoting feelings of shame and guilt - bullies a group into submission
generalisations - lends authority to an argument
lies or distortions of the truth - outright lie vs white lies
simplification/ artificial dichotomy - when a claim is made and there is only 2 sides of the story rather than
alternatives
assertions - opinions stated as facts
scapegoating - transfer of blame to a person/ a group
name calling/ stereotyping - rejects a person without examining what the label means
less common techniques:
transference or virtue by association - transference is when a symbol carries an idea to make it look acceptable
deification - when an idea appears to be holy therefore above the law
plain folks - convinces the audience that an idea is good because they are the same ideas of the vast majority
band wagon - tries to convince us that a point of view is correct because is they don't do it they'll miss out
illogical arguments - an often untrue statement used to throw an opponent off guard or to embarrass them
ignoring the question - plays more time to avoid answering
lesser of evils - used to justify an unpleasant or unpopular point of view by minimising unpleasant realities
cause and effect mismatch - confuses the audience about what really are the causes and effects
card stacking and selecting information out of context - similar to a set-up (does not present the full story)
Textual Editing
cant have a double negative
concord between the verb and their subject
split infinitives
misrelated participles
overuse of a specific punctuation marks
every sentence needs a main clause
conjunctions can be used to connect sentences, not adverbs
cannot end the sentence on a preposition
correct pronouns
cannot start a sentence on and and but
limit the use of capital letters (reserved for the start of sentences and for proper nouns)
redundancy and tautology
you cannot have american spelling
inappropriate use of a hyperbole
cannot have mixed metaphors
cannot splice sentences with a comma
ellipsis must be 3 full sentences not anymore not less
apostrophe mistakes
malapropisms (misuse of a word with a similar sound)
Summaries
summaries must be concise and short made up of the main points made up in the text
can be in point form or in a paragraph form
must be adapted to fit a specific register
continuous piece of prose
read the instructions, read the passage, highlight key words and delete all the details (examples, names and
details)
right a rough and compare it with the original
write a final and polish
provide a word count
