Test Bank for Cognition 6th Edition by Radvansky | Complete Solutions Manual

Test Bank for Cognition 6th Edition by Radvansky | Complete Solutions Manual . Which is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism? a. scientific study of behavior b. focus on observable, quantifiable behavior c. antimentalist d. the first major school of thought in experimental psychology Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 31. The behaviorist manifesto is associated with __________. a. Hull b. Watson c. Skinner d. Tolman Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: b 32. __________ believed that observable, quantifiable behavior is the proper topic of psychology, not the fuzzy and unscientific concepts of thoughts, mind, and consciousness. a. Wundt b. Watson c. Ebbinghaus d. James Page: 12 Type: factual Answer: b 33. Neobehaviorism differs from behaviorism in __________. a. allowing the scientific study of observable behavior b. allowing introspective methodologies c. incorporating psychophysiological measures d. allowing unobserved mediating variables Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 34. Which was NOT a reason for the rise to dominance of behaviorism? a. seemingly endless debates within structuralism regarding “appropriate” interpretation b. physics envy c. success in modeling learning d. The tabula rasa position provided a superior account for species-specific behaviors. Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: d 35. According to behaviorists and neobehaviorists, the ultimate purpose of research on learning was to understand __________. a. the building blocks of conscious experience b. the acquisition of behavior by conditioning c. performance, rather than learning d. memory, rather than cognition Page: 12 Type: conceptual Answer: b 7 Full file at 36. Which of the following was NOT a challenge to the behaviorist approach? a. language b. attention c. vigilance d. S–R learning Page: 13 Type: conceptual Answer: d 37. Which of the following does NOT challenge a pure behaviorist perspective? a. demonstrated effects of attention b. the role of vigilance in a skilled performance task c. language d. incorporating Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning Page: 13 Type: conceptual Answer: d 38. What was a problem with traditional behaviorism as revealed to experimental psychologists doing work during World War II? a. Most of the Army and Navy had to deal with people, not rats. b. Much longer retention periods of knowledge were involved. c. It did not address practical concerns, such as vigilance. d. The principles of behaviorism were all shown to be incorrect. Page: 13 Type: factual Answer: c 39. Which of the following was an outgrowth of Ebbinghaus’s work on memory? a. B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism b. verbal learning theorists c. researchers studying operant conditioning d. Gestalt psychology Page: 14 Type: factual Answer: b 40. One of the legacies of verbal learning was that __________. a. it reinforced the dominant behaviorist ideals about mental activity b. it provided a way to study mental processes in an objective manner c. no one could find any theoretical basis for the work d. an effective counterweight to research on verbal behavior was found Page: 14 Type: conceptual Answer: b 41. __________ wrote a review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. This review clearly illustrated the shortcomings of the behaviorist account of language. a. Descartes b. James c. Watson d. Chomsky Page: 15 Type: factual Answer: d 8 Full file at 42. The cognitive manifesto is associated with __________. a. Thorndike b. Chomsky c. Sperling d. Bartlett Page: 15 Type: factual Answer: c 42. The essence of Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior book was that __________. a. Skinner failed to supply an adequate computer model of verbal learning b. Skinner relied too heavily on animal models c. Skinner failed to consider the role of attention d. Skinner’s work was a mere terminological revision, in which terms borrowed from the laboratory were used in the full vagueness of their ordinary usage Page: 15 Type: conceptual Answer: d 43. Which of the following is a common analogy used by cognitive psychologists to describe or characterize how people think? a. attention b. digital computer c. context d. structuralist perspective Page: 19 Type: conceptual Answer: b 44. Which of the following is a central analogy of cognitive psychology? e. the flowchart f. the building blocks underlying the structure of the brain g. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts: the importance of context. h. the digital computer Page: 19 Type: conceptual Answer: d 45. In response to a difficult question, a person is likely to respond more slowly than if an easy question had been asked. In terms of the overall response times, the difficult question would yield __________. a. response times with lower numbers b. response times with higher numbers c. response times would not differ d. not enough information has been provided Page: 20 Type: applied Answer: b 9 Full file at 46. In response to an easy question, a person is likely to answer quicker than if a hard question was asked. With a sufficiently powerful experiment, it is likely that a statistical analysis would reveal that __________. a. response times would be lower for difficult questions than for easy questions b. response times would be higher for difficult questions than for easy questions c. response times would not differ for easy and difficult questions d. not enough information has been provided Page: 20 Type: applied Answer: b 47. How many milliseconds in a second? a. 1/100th b. 10 c. 100 d. 1000 Page: 20 Type: factual Answer: d 48. What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier? a. response time b. accuracy c. verbal reports d. content analysis Page: 21 Type: conceptual Answer: b 49. What type of information is useful in identifying instances in which a person has distorted memory? a. intrusions rather than accuracy b. strictly accuracy c. skewed response times d. formative interference Page: 22 Type: conceptual Answer: a 50. The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. Their model is normally referred to as __________. a. the standard model b. a connectionist model c. a process model d. a channel capacity model Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: a 51. Which of the following is NOT part of the “standard theory”? a. long-term memory b. sensory register c. STM/working memory d. explicit memory Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: d 10 Full file at 52. In cognition, STM almost always refers to __________. a. sensory terminal memory b. short-term memory c. salience to me d. standard theory of memory Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: b 53. The act of taking in information and converting it to a usable mental form is __________. a. STM b. connectionism c. retrieval d. encoding Page: 23 Type: factual Answer: d 54. What is a way of making a theory more explicit about how cognition proceeds during a task? a. Create a process model. b. Deconstruct a simulation. c. Formulate a mathematical inference machine. d. Establish a protocol. Page: 24 Type: factual Answer: a 55. A lexical decision task is __________. a. a process model b. a connectionist model c. a word decision task d. a priming task Page: 24 Type: factual Answer: c 56. The word frequency effect illustrates __________. a. serial exhaustive processing of the memory set b. congruency effects c. the fact that common words produce larger response times d. the fact that common words produce smaller response times Page: 25 Type: conceptual Answer: d 57. Accounts positing independent nonoverlapping stages of processing are referred to as __________. a. protocol models b. stage models c. parallel processing models d. conceptually driven processing models Page: 26 Type: factual Answer: b 11 Full file at 58. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a strict serial processing approach? a. independent and nonoverlapping stages b. sequential stages of processing c. Response times indicate processing duration. d. parallel processing Page: 26 Type: conceptual Answer: d 59. The sentence “I do not have to attend to what the cat will eat tomorrow” includes ten occurrences of the letter T. The Radvansky and Ashcraft text argues that people’s difficulties in finding all of the Ts reflects __________. a. channel capacity b. a failure to read the textbook c. top-down processing d. connectionist modeling Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: c 60. How can context influence processing? a. It can guide the flow of cognition. b. There are no clear influences. c. by situating the information d. through a process of content restriction Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: a 61. In terms of the flow of information processing, ___________ is an influence of environmental factors on thought, whereas ____________ is an influence of prior conceptions or expectations on thought. a. bottom-up processing; top-down processing b. top-down processing; bottom-up processing c. reality-based processing; imagination-based processing d. imagination-based processing; reality-based processing Page: 27 Type: conceptual Answer: a 62. What of the following is NOT a discipline in cognitive science? a. computer science b. anthropology c. architecture d. philosophy Page: 29 Type: factual Answer: c 12 Full file at 63. What is the name for the larger discipline that cognitive psychology is a part of, and that also includes disciplines like computer science, anthropology, and philosophy? a. mind science b. cognitive science c. mental matters d. arts and science Page: 29 Type: conceptual Answer: b 64. What is the term used for the regulation of cognitive resources? a. systemization b. mental management c. cerebral guidance d. attention Page: 30 Type: conceptual Answer: d 65. What theme of the textbook takes the assumption that cognition functions in a way to capture the ways in which people interact with the world? a. embodiment b. metacognition c. representation d. conceptually driven processing Page: 30 Type: conceptual Answer: a 66. Our awareness of our own cognition and knowledge and insight into its workings is __________. a. response time b. attention c. self-actualization d. metacognition Page: 30 Type: factual Answer: d True/False Questions: 67. A cognitive revolution is part of our day-to-day existence (e.g., whenever we change our minds). FALSE (p. 2) 68. Wundt established the first psychological laboratory. TRUE (p. 9) 69. Wundt believed strongly that the proper topic for psychology was “conscious processes and immediate experience.” TRUE (p. 9) 70. Reductionism was the first major psychological approach. FALSE (p. 7) 71. Overall, behaviorism contributed in a positive manner to the development of many tools we use when investigating topics in cognitive psychology. TRUE (p. 12) 72. The study of aggression was a major contributor to the paradigm shift away from behaviorism. FALSE (p. 13) 73. The information-processing approach is a general model of human memory and cognitive systems. TRUE (p. 18) 13 Full file at 74. The concept of channel capacity, while important for information processing, is not as relevant for cognitive psychology. FALSE (p. 18) 75. The basic idea behinds Donder’s use of response times is that response time reflects the difficulty of mental processes. TRUE (p. 20) 76. The “standard model of memory” refers to an information-processing model of human cognition. TRUE (p. 23) 77. The Atkinson & Shiffrin model (1968, 1971) provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. TRUE (p. 23) 78. Low-frequency words produce faster RTs than high-frequency words. FALSE (p. 25) 79. The study of cognition is more fruitful when considered in the context of an understanding of neuroscience. TRUE (p. 29) 80. A course in cognitive psychology is more likely to tell you about common performance limitations than is a course in psychopathology of children or with a specialization in abnormal psychology. TRUE (p. 29) Fill in the Blank/Short Answer: 81. The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. (COGNITIVE SCIENCE). 82. Define memory. 83. __________ is the mental processes of acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval and the mental storage system that enables the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval. (MEMORY) 84. Define cognition. 85. ____________ is the scientific study of human memory and mental processes, including such activities as perceiving, remembering, using language, reasoning, and problem solving. (COGNITION) 86. Identify two important contributions of behaviorism to cognitive psychology. 87. Describe the important features of behaviorism. 88. Describe two important causes that contributed to the cognitive revolution. 89. What is the information-processing approach? 90. What are the two major assumptions of the strict information-processing approach? 91. Identify a key assumption of the analysis of response time data. (LONGER TIME MORE WORK) 92. What are two areas, other than psychology, that fall under the rubric of cognitive science? (LINGUISTICS, PHILOSOPHY, COMPUTER SCIENCE, NEUROSCIENCE, ANTHROPOLOGY) 93. Draw a schematic of the general process model proposed by Sternberg to account for performance during a lexical decision task. What are its stages? 94. What are the three main memory stores in the standard model of memory? (SENSORY REGISTER, SHORT-TERM MEMORY, LONG-TERM MEMORY) Essay Questions: 95.Describe the differences among reductionism, structuralism, and functionalism. 96.Wundt wanted to study “conscious processes and immediate experience.” How do the research tools (equipment and methodology) that are available today contribute to a greater understanding of “conscious processes and immediate experience” than was possible using trained introspection and structuralism? 97. It is broadly accepted that behaviorist accounts of language are seriously flawed. Why? (Note: be sure to evaluate more than just Chomsky’s response to Skinner.) 98. Recent developments within cognitive psychology have contributed to the development of the interdisciplinary field of cognitive science. Describe how the contributions of both neurophysiology and computer science have helped us to understand more about how people think. 99.Why would some people consider cognitive psychology to be a core discipline in the broader field of psychology? 100.What are the three major assumptions of cognitive psychology? Why is each considered important? 101.The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function. What does a process model add to the description (i.e., what do we gain by using a process model)? 14 Full file at TEST BANK FOR COGNITION 9TH EDITION BY MATLIN COMPLETE DOWNLOADABLE FILE AT: HTTPS://TESTBANKU.EU/TEST-BANKFOR-COGNITION-9TH-EDITION-BYMATLIN 1-1. Which term or phrase is closest in meaning to the term “cognition”? a. Emotion b. Mental activity c. Behavior d. Social activity Answer: b 15 Full file at Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-2. Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children’s acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? a. “How parents’ reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes” b. “The effects of classical conditioning on children’s emotional reactions to gender stereotypes” c. “How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes” d. “Children’s memory for gender-consistent information” Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Application 16 Full file at 1-3. Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper? a. Observations of social interactions between people with depression. b. The effects of vitamin supplements on the activity level of people with depression. c. The ability of depressed individuals to recall people’s names. d. The relationship between childhood experiences and current adjustment in people with depression. Answer: c Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Application 1-4. John is reading his Cognitive Psychology textbook. He notices that his stomach is grumbling, but he thinks, “I will finish this section of the chapter and then go to lunch.” John’s thought illustrates the cognitive process of _______. a. pattern recognition b. memory c. imagery d. decision making Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-5. Suppose that several psychologists want to explore interpersonal interactions during adulthood. Which of the following topics would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? a. “How do early childhood experiences contribute to the development of love relationships during adulthood?” b. “Can interpersonal attraction be influenced by classical conditioning?” c. “When meeting someone for the first time, what attribute does a person perceive most quickly, gender or ethnicity?” d. “Do people spend less time with depressed individuals, as opposed to nondepressed individuals?” Answer: c Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 17 Full file at Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Application 1-6. What does the introductory chapter conclude about the influence of cognitive approaches on other areas of psychology? a. Cognitive psychology has had very little influence on areas outside traditional experimental psychology. b. Cognitive psychology has influenced experiments in some research-oriented areas of psychology, but it has not yet had an impact on applied areas. c. Cognitive psychology has influenced disciplines that are concerned with the behavior of humans as individuals, but it has not yet influenced the areas of psychology concerned with social interactions. d. Cognitive psychology has had an important impact on a variety of areas throughout psychology. Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-7. Chapter 1 of your Cognition textbook discusses the status of cognitive psychology. According to this discussion, the cognitive approach a. primarily emphasizes our unconscious thoughts. b. can explain a major part of your daily experiences. c. is prominent within social psychology, but it has not yet been applied to biological areas of psychology. d. has had surprisingly little connection with clinical psychology. Answer: b Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-8. According to the introductory chapter in your textbook, the influence of cognitive psychology a. has been relatively weak, both within psychology and in other disciplines. b. has been limited primarily to areas related to education. c. has not yet reached applied areas of psychology. d. has extended to other disciplines, such as neurology. Answer: d Section Ref: What Is Cognitive Psychology? Difficulty: Easy 18 Full file at Objective: 1.1 Objective text: Define the term “cognition” and the goals of a cognitive psychologist Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-9. Imagine that you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, “Let’s now look at the empirical evidence.” Which of the following would most likely be the speaker’s next sentence? a. “Other psychologists have objected to my approach on the following theoretical grounds.” b. “We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis.” c. “The theorists who belonged to the empirical school rejected the behaviorist tradition, for the following reasons.” d. “By combining both the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach, we can devise a new theoretical approach to the problem.” Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Hard Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Synthesis 1-10. Suppose that your professor tells you that you must locate a journal article about cognitive psychology that presents empirical evidence. You should look for an article that a. studies humans, rather than other animals. b. emphasizes evidence collected in experiments. c. provides a theoretical explanation for previous research. d. uses at least two different statistical analyses. Answer: b Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Application 1-11. The philosopher ____ can be called the first cognitive psychologist, because he examined topics such as memory and perception and emphasized the importance of empirical evidence. a. Plato b. Sophocles c. Aristotle d. Descartes Answer: c 19 Full file at Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-12. In the introspection technique, a. people describe what they are thinking as they perform a task. b. people report their daily experiences in an informal, unstructured fashion. c. the experimenter observes how people respond to learning tasks. d. emotional responses are emphasized, rather than a variety of thought processes. Answer: a Section Ref A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-13. When researchers use the introspection technique, a. people report their sensations as accurately as possible. b. people report their experiences in a spontaneous, unsystematic fashion. c. the researchers observe how people respond to learning tasks. d. the researchers encourage people to interpret their reactions to selected stimuli. Answer: a Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-14. Your textbook discusses the early history of cognitive psychology. According to this discussion, a. Hermann Ebbinghaus opposed cognitive psychology because it did not pay enough attention to emotions. b. Mary Whiton Calkins studied people’s introspections about nonsense words. c. William James suggested that our everyday cognitive processes are passive, rather than active. d. Wilhelm Wundt emphasized that introspection could provide useful information, if participants were well trained. Answer: d Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 20 Full file at Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Comprehension 1-15. The primary contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to current cognitive psychology was a. the emphasis on ecological validity. b. the emphasis on research employing hundreds of subjects in each study. c. research about factors that might influence human memory. d. the notion of top-down processing. Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Analysis 1-16. Which of the following women was an early researcher in memory who reported the recency effect and also became the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. Dorothea Dix b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth c. Mary Whiton Calkins d. Margaret Floy Washburn Answer: c Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Easy Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Knowledge 1-17. Chris just telephoned Roberta and listed eight items that they need for the afternoon picnic. Roberta didn’t have a pencil, so she couldn’t write them down. However, she remembers the last three items very well because of a. object permanence. b. long-term memory. c. an event-related potential. d. the recency effect. Answer: d Section Ref: A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology Difficulty: Medium 21 Full file at Objective: 1.2 Objective text: Explain the roots of cognitive psychology and how it differs from previous psychological approaches Bloom’s Level: Application 1-18. Based on the information in Chapter 1, how would you describe the approach of William James? a. He emphasized rigorous experimentation and carefully controlled research. b. He asked research participants to report their sensations and perceptions as objectively as possible. c. He emphasized the kinds of psychological experiences that people encounter in their everyday lives. d. He emphasi