Criminology: Types of Crime Questions and Answers 2023

Criminology: Types of Crime Questions and Answers 2023 White Collar Crime (WCC) Committed by people of high social status or respectability in the course of their occupation; non-violent usually. Examples of WCC In commercial situations for financial gain/motivation. There's credit card and bankruptcy fraud, embezzling, tax evasion, Ponzi schemes and forgery. 3 Types of WCC Organised, Corporate and Professional. What is ORGANISED WCC? Planned and controlled by an organisation, that's "business-like". What is CORPORATE WCC? Refers to a corporation(s). Use illegal schemes to make money for themselves or their investors. What is PROFESSIONAL WCC? Non-violent. Fiddling expenses, insurance fraud and paying cash to avoid tax. (Note: Tax avoidance is legal.) Type of offender for WCC Commit the crime for opportunity and greed, not because they are impoverished. Type of victim for WCC Someone who suffers financial loss. (E.g banks, employers, tax authorities, customers and shareholders.) Level of awareness for WCC LOW public awareness. Media pays less attention to WCC. It's difficult to research and identify, because activity is private. So it's not accurately presented in statistics. Understanding the behaviour requires specialist knowledge of complex crimes. What are individual crimes? Crimes against people to cause harm. People are usually inexperienced, unlike other crimes that are planned. Personal crimes, not randomly done. HATE Crime definition Any incident which the person thinks is based on someone's prejudice towards them, because of particular factors/characteristics. Violence is often used. Types of HATE Crime Disability, gender identity, race/ethnicity/nationality, religion/faith/beliefs, sexual orientation. They happen randomly or part of a campaign. HATE Crime Examples Sophie Lancaster and Steven Lawrence (murdered for being black). What does HATE Crime consist of? Assault, murder, hoax calls, damage to property, harassment, name calling/offensive jokes/bullying and physical attacks. Stats of HATE Crime Attacks on LGBT people have surged almost 80% in the UK over the last 4 years. More than 1 in 5 LGBT people have been attacked in the last 12 months. During Brexit, racism rised up by 100%. Type of offender for HATE Crime Someone with prejudicial views. Anyone who is racist, homophobic, disabilist... Majority of those people are male, white and under 25. Type of victim for HATE Crime Anyone with a certain characteristic that might be prejudiced against. People with learning disabilities and autism is most likely to be a victim. Level of awareness for HATE Crime Public aren't very aware, as it's unreported. Awareness is rising and often reported in the media. DOMESTIC Abuse definition Any incident of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 (below is child abuse) or over who are, or have been intimate partners or family members. Types of DOMESTIC Abuse Emotional, physical, psychological, sexual or financial. Rape, murder, assault or threatening behaviour. Stats of DOMESTIC Abuse Police receive over 100 calls every hour. 2 women are killed by their partner every week. Example of DOMESTIC Abuse Clare Wood. Type of offender for DOMESTIC Abuse Anyone who is a current or former partner or a family member. Male or female. (Usually male.) Type of victim for DOMESTIC Abuse Anyone. 1 out of 4 women and 1 out of 6 men are victims. 1 out of 5 children witness it. Level of awareness for DOMESTIC Abuse Public are aware that is happens, just not the extend. It's unreported, due to fear. And people are unaware that 40% of men are victims. HONOUR Crime definition Involves violence committed by those who aim to protect the reputation of their family or community. Involves religion and happens behind closed doors. Types of HONOUR Crime Murder, kidnapping, grievous bodily harm, forced imprisonment or marriage. Stats of HONOUR Crime There are 12 killings in the UK each year. More than 11,000 cases were reported between . Example of HONOUR Crime Banaz Mahmod Type of offender for HONOUR Crime A family member, usually male, not a random person and someone with strong cultural values. Type of victim for HONOUR Crime Women are more targeted and they are believed to have shamed their family or community for certain reasons. Level of awareness for HONOUR Crime Generally LOW, apart from high profile cases. Unreported, due to fear and the police don't know how to deal with or detect an honour killing. Technological Crime definition Use computer networks or devices, to cause physical/mental harm or loss to an individual or group. Types of Technological Crime Fraud/deception over the Internet, phishing, hacking, viruses or identity theft. Example of Technological Crime NHS Hacking 2017. Type of offender for Technological Crime Can be based overseas and target their victims from miles away. Knowledgeable person, as they can gain access to personal information. Type of victim for Technological Crime Anyone from all ages, social background and areas. Gullible to scams, not skilled at using technology, maybe an old person. People who use computers for banking, unaware of crime occurring. Level of awareness for Technological Crime Generally unreported, unless it targets groups/services, instead of individuals. (Like the NHS 2017.) Moral Crime definition Considered a victimless crime. Generally offends moral values or "code of conduct". (Based on religion.) Types of Moral Crime Prostitution, bigamy, illegal gambling or drug use, homelessness and assisted suicide. Type of offender for Moral Crime Usually consenting adults. Depends on the person's social value and circumstances they are in. Type of victim for Moral Crime Victimless, as often involves criminal behaviour between two consenting adults. Level of awareness for Moral Crime Generally unreported, as it involves consenting adults. Standards over "what is right and wrong" can change over time and depends on culture. State Crime definition "Illegal/deficient activities penetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies". Committed, condoned or instigated by governments and their officials.