Chapter 15: Sexual Reproduction, Development & Growth in
Humans & Animals
15.1: Reproductive System of Humans
The continuity of a species is dependent on the increase in population through the process of
sexual or asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction involves the production of male and female gametes by individuals who
have reached sexual maturity. This process is completed with the fertilisation of both
gametes to create new life.
Female reproductive system
UTERUS
OVARY An organ with thick muscular walls.
The female reproductive organ that The inner wall is lined with endometrium
produces ovum (plural: ova)/ female tissue, which secrets mucus and is rich in
gamete. blood vessels.
Also produces the female sex Embryo implants in the endometrium
hormones (oestrogen & progesterone) The endometrium supplies the embryo
with nutrients and oxygen.
FALLOPIAN TUBE
Thin and muscular tube.
Inner wall is lined with cilia
(plu.cilium).
The action of the cilium, combined
with peristalsis of the Fallopian tube,
CERVIX helps in delivering the secondary
Narrow opening to the oocyte/ embryo to the uterus.
uterus which secretes
mucus to help sperm
VAGINA
swim up to the
A canal where sperms enter
Fallopian tubes.
Also a passage for birth and menstruation
INFO:
Cilia are hair-like structure located in
the inner surface of the Fallopian tube.
, Male reproductive system
SPERM DUCT
(vas deferens)
Transport sperms SEMINAL VESICLE
Secretes fluid filled with
nutrients for the sperms.
PROSTATE GLAND
Secretes a fluid that helps TESTIS
in sperm movement Located within the scrotum
Produces sperms (male
gametes) and the male sex
SCROTUM
hormone (testosterone)
Sac-like structure that holds
and protects the testis.
PENIS
The male sexual organ that is rich
URETHERA in soft tissues & blood vessels.
A tube for the discharge of Releases sperm into a female’s
sperm & urine from the body. vagina during copulation.
15.2: Gametogenesis in Humans
Gametogenesis is the production process of reproductive cells gametes). It takes place in the gonads
(testes in males; ovaries in females)
Its necessity: Produces haploid (n) gametes.
When fertilisation takes place, the nucleus of the sperm will fuse with the nucleus of the ovum in the
Fallopian tube to form a diploid zygote (2n)
Spermatogenesis
Process of sperm production that takes place in the④ seminiferous tubule.
Each seminiferous tubule consists of primordial
4
germ cells.
Primordial germ cells will undergo cell division to
produce sperm. Sertoli cells within the walls of the
seminiferous tubule provide nutrients throughout this
process.
Sperm is transported from the seminiferous tubules to
the ③epididymis & flows out through the ②sperm
duct (vas deferens)
Spermatogenesis is stimulated by the follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) & testosterone. It is also
aided by the luteinizing hormone (LH) which
stimulates testosterone secretion in the testes.
, Spermatogenesis
Humans & Animals
15.1: Reproductive System of Humans
The continuity of a species is dependent on the increase in population through the process of
sexual or asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction involves the production of male and female gametes by individuals who
have reached sexual maturity. This process is completed with the fertilisation of both
gametes to create new life.
Female reproductive system
UTERUS
OVARY An organ with thick muscular walls.
The female reproductive organ that The inner wall is lined with endometrium
produces ovum (plural: ova)/ female tissue, which secrets mucus and is rich in
gamete. blood vessels.
Also produces the female sex Embryo implants in the endometrium
hormones (oestrogen & progesterone) The endometrium supplies the embryo
with nutrients and oxygen.
FALLOPIAN TUBE
Thin and muscular tube.
Inner wall is lined with cilia
(plu.cilium).
The action of the cilium, combined
with peristalsis of the Fallopian tube,
CERVIX helps in delivering the secondary
Narrow opening to the oocyte/ embryo to the uterus.
uterus which secretes
mucus to help sperm
VAGINA
swim up to the
A canal where sperms enter
Fallopian tubes.
Also a passage for birth and menstruation
INFO:
Cilia are hair-like structure located in
the inner surface of the Fallopian tube.
, Male reproductive system
SPERM DUCT
(vas deferens)
Transport sperms SEMINAL VESICLE
Secretes fluid filled with
nutrients for the sperms.
PROSTATE GLAND
Secretes a fluid that helps TESTIS
in sperm movement Located within the scrotum
Produces sperms (male
gametes) and the male sex
SCROTUM
hormone (testosterone)
Sac-like structure that holds
and protects the testis.
PENIS
The male sexual organ that is rich
URETHERA in soft tissues & blood vessels.
A tube for the discharge of Releases sperm into a female’s
sperm & urine from the body. vagina during copulation.
15.2: Gametogenesis in Humans
Gametogenesis is the production process of reproductive cells gametes). It takes place in the gonads
(testes in males; ovaries in females)
Its necessity: Produces haploid (n) gametes.
When fertilisation takes place, the nucleus of the sperm will fuse with the nucleus of the ovum in the
Fallopian tube to form a diploid zygote (2n)
Spermatogenesis
Process of sperm production that takes place in the④ seminiferous tubule.
Each seminiferous tubule consists of primordial
4
germ cells.
Primordial germ cells will undergo cell division to
produce sperm. Sertoli cells within the walls of the
seminiferous tubule provide nutrients throughout this
process.
Sperm is transported from the seminiferous tubules to
the ③epididymis & flows out through the ②sperm
duct (vas deferens)
Spermatogenesis is stimulated by the follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) & testosterone. It is also
aided by the luteinizing hormone (LH) which
stimulates testosterone secretion in the testes.
, Spermatogenesis
