Campbell Biology Chapter 11 | Questions and Answers with complete solution

signal transduction pathway - the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response biofilm - A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface local regulators - Messenger molecules secreted by the signaling cell which only travel short distance and influence cells in the local vicinity growth factor - one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells paracrine signaling - a type of local signaling where the target cell is close to the signal-releasing cell synaptic signaling - a type of local signaling specific to neurotransmitters in nerve cells hormones - chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another long-distance signaling - cell is secreting a hormone and the hormone must travel through the blood stream to reach its target place. 3 stages of cell signaling - 1. reception 2. transduction 3. response Earl Sutherland - 1971 Nobel Prize (In Med): discovered cAMP as a second messenger while studying effects of epinephrine on phosphorylase.