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Identify the sources of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, even before the end of World War II. * "Different ambitions for future" * Communism: gov't control of economy, totalitarianism * Democracy: mainly private control of economy, free elections * Tensions over wartime decisions, atomic bomb What was the significance of the Yalta in terms of U.S./Soviet relations? * Feb. 1945 *Stalin had promised free elections in Soviet occupied Eastern Europe * Stalin demanded reparations from Germany What was the significance of the Potsdam Conferences in terms of U.S./Soviet relations? * Stalin was refusing to allow free elections, which made it clear that Communism, not democracy, would spread in Eastern Europe ~ Spread of Communism was worst fear of U.S. ~ No "new world order" based on democracy, self-determination * Reparations would be taken from respective occupation zones * Obvious tension afterwards How did the situation in Eastern Europe contribute to U.S./Soviet tensions? * Soviets felt that the losses they sustained during way justifies their takeover of Eastern Europe ~ Claimed that by taking over the wast, they could prevent future invasions of western powers * Communist gov'ts installed in: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania... Satellite Nations * U.S. viewed Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe as a great threat Explain the significance of the containment policy * Major U.S. foreign policy after WWII, developed by George Kennan * Defined as taking measures to prevent spread of communism around the world *Guided decisions made by Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson Iron Curtain * Europe was said to be divided by Iron Curtain ~ Communism in East ~ Democracy in West Cold War * s * Conflict between U.S. and Soviet Union * No actual conflict on a battle field * Dominated global affairs for decades Describe how the Truman Doctrine deepened Cold War tensions. * "... it must be the policy of the U.S. to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." * This declaration led to millions in aid to Turkey and Greece to prevent a communist takeover Describe how the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions. * The war had left Europe in ruins and chaos ~ Factories, farms destroyed ~ Refugees * The U.S. wanted to help stablize the region to prevent communist revolution * Meant billions in aid to European nations who were rebuilding * By 1952, western Europe was stablized, flourishing ~ Communist threat gone * Both represent the U.S. fighting against Soviet expansion, which the Soviets resented Explain the role of Germany in the deterioration of U.S./Soviet relations. * 1948: U.S., France, and England reunited their zones of occupation into West Germany * Soviets refused to give up their zones: East Germany * Same situation with Berlin... became West and East * But... West Berlin was surrounded by communists- held territory * Stalin attempted to take over West Berlin by blockading the city, keeping food and fuel supplies out * The people of West Berlin could survive for only a few week * Berlin Airlift: U.S. and British flew supplies into West Berlin for nearly a year * Soviet lifted the blockade * Prestige of U.S. grew Why was NATO formed and what were the consequences of its formation? * NATO was formed so member nations could feel secure in the face of the Soviet threat * It's a defense military alliance: support for one another in the event of an attack * No return to isolation for the U.S. * NATO military force NATO * First military organization was in the 1990s in Bosnia and Yugoslavia * Article 5 ( which requires member nations to come to the aid another member nation under attack) was not invoked until 9/11 attacks... ~ NATO troops deployed to Afghanistan ~ Never been invoked since * Article 4 (which requires consultation among NATO members when a need arises) was invoked 16 months ago by Poland over Russia's actions in Crimea. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. *Chinese Communist movement worked for two decades against the nationalist gov't under Chiang Kai-shek *U.S. supported the nationalist gov't because it opposed communism...despite corruption & inefficiency * Communist movement gained a great deal of pleasant support * 1945: much of Northern China controlled by Communists * U.S. Reaction ~ Refused to recognize the Communist gov't ~ Failure of Containment ~ Criticism of Truman administration: should have given more support of Chiang ~ Great fear of Communism began to spread in the U.S. Explain the causes of the Korean War. * Japanese rule of Korea: * Japanese troops north of the 38th Parallel surrendered to Soviet troops in 1945... South of that line, they surrendered to American troops * Korea was divided: Communism in the North, democracy in the South ~ 1948: South Korea est. under Syngman Rhee ~ 1948: North Korea est. under Kil Il Sung * U.S. cut back its troop presence in South Korea, so the Soviets backed North Korea's invasion of the South * June 25, 1950: North Korean forces invaded South Korea * June 27, 1950: Truman ordered American troops in Japan to help fight North Koreans * 16 nations sent troops, all commanded by General MacArthur