RESPIRATION
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Aerobic Respiration
cellular respiration
NEED FOR TRANSPORT requires oxygen and is defined as the chemical
an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in
In order for any organism to function properly, it needs to reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down
living cells . Chemical process that releases energy.
exchange substances between itself and the environment nutrient molecules to release energy
Organisms need energy for:
Three transports for exchange: diffusion, osmosis and active complete breakdown of glucose in an efficient process
Chemical reactions to build larger molecules from
transport. to supply whole body with energy.
smaller molecules
Unicellular (single-celled) organisms do not require transport Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste
Muscle contraction to allow movement
systems due to their large surface area to volume ratio products as well as releasing useful cellular energy
Keeping warm (to maintain a constant temperature
Multicellular organisms: distance between the surface of the
suitable for enzyme activity)
organism to its centre is relatively long. have surfaces and organ
Anaerobic Respiration : does not require oxygen
systems that maximise the exchange of materials by increasing
It is defined as the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using
the efficiency of exchange
oxygen
animals have: a large network of blood vessels throughout the
Its the incomplete breakdown of glucose and so releases a small amount of energy for use in cell processes
body to reduce the distance of exchange of materials between
Anaerobic : in animals
cells and the bloodstream
takes place in muscle cells during vigorous exercise as our muscles have a higher demand for energy
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DIFFUSION
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration
Diffusion is the movements of molecules from a high to low
concentration across a partially permeable membrane. Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells and lowers the pH making the
The rate of diffusion in an organism can be affected by the surface conditions more acidic which can denature the enzymes in cells
area, diffusion distance and temperature Lactic acid will eventually be broken down using oxygen.
Surface area B8 EXCHANGE & TRANSPORT IN The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid that
The bigger a structure is, the smaller its SA:V ratio is, slowing has built up is referred to as the 'oxygen debt'
down the rate substances move across a surface e.g. root hair ANIMALS. practical:Investigating pumping blood
cells in plants (which absorb water and mineral ions) Respiration 1. oxygenated blood returns into heart via
Diffusion distance investigate the production of pulmonary vein.
The smaller distance molecules have to travel the faster transport carbon dioxide and heat from 2. enters heart on Left atrium and down into left
occurs. why blood capillaries and alveoli have walls one cell thick respiration through experiments ventricle
so rate of diffusion is as fast as possible using germinating seeds or other 3. blood pumped into body via the aorta.
Temperature living organisms such as woodlice 4. deoxygenated blood back in heart via vena cava.
The higher the temperature, the faster molecules move as they Experiment : production of CO2 5. enters heart at Right atrium and down into right
have more energy. More collisions against the cell membrane and by living material during aerobic Ventricle
therefore a faster rate of movement across them respiration in relation to change 6. Blood travels back to lungs via pulmonary artery.
Fick's law in temperature Structure of blood
Method
The rate of diffusion can be described using Fick's law:
Set up the flasks as shown in the diagram. Solution A should Red cell : used to carry oxygenated blood. no
Rate of diffusion ∝
(surface area x concentration gradient)
be soda lime as it absorbs CO2. nucleus to maximise haemoglobin. biconcave to
diffusion distance increase SA for gas exchange
Make sure the cotton wool or bung is plugging the top of
Adaptations of the alveoli each flask White cell : fight off pathogens. higher when ill.
The lungs are adapted to Record the temperature and the distances moved by the Platelets : used to clot blood when you cut
maximise the exchange of bubble. yourself.
gas by diffusion repeat 3 times for each measure of temperature and Plasma : carries all 3 parts of blood. liquid part of
Inside the lungs there are calculate mean. blood.
many alveoli which give a Results blood vessels
large SA:V ratio. as temperature increases, so does the rate of respiration : asVeins :carries blood back to heart : thin wall, flexible,
They have thin, single layers temp increases , it speeds up the rate of chemical reactions wide tube to carry blood at lower pressures
of cells to minimise diffusion by causing molecules to vibrate more and move, therefore Artery : blood away from heart : think wall, elastic,
distance rate of respiration increases muscular wall to carry blood at high pressures.
A layer of moisture on the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE :temperature Capillary : caries blood to every cell in body : 1 cell
surface of the alveoli helps DEPENDENT VARIABLE : distance moved by bubble. wall thick, very narrow tube to increase rate of
diffusion as gases dissolve CONTROL VARIABLE : volume of soda lime, number of maggots diffusion
TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS Aerobic Respiration
cellular respiration
NEED FOR TRANSPORT requires oxygen and is defined as the chemical
an exothermic reaction which is continuously occurring in
In order for any organism to function properly, it needs to reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down
living cells . Chemical process that releases energy.
exchange substances between itself and the environment nutrient molecules to release energy
Organisms need energy for:
Three transports for exchange: diffusion, osmosis and active complete breakdown of glucose in an efficient process
Chemical reactions to build larger molecules from
transport. to supply whole body with energy.
smaller molecules
Unicellular (single-celled) organisms do not require transport Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste
Muscle contraction to allow movement
systems due to their large surface area to volume ratio products as well as releasing useful cellular energy
Keeping warm (to maintain a constant temperature
Multicellular organisms: distance between the surface of the
suitable for enzyme activity)
organism to its centre is relatively long. have surfaces and organ
Anaerobic Respiration : does not require oxygen
systems that maximise the exchange of materials by increasing
It is defined as the chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using
the efficiency of exchange
oxygen
animals have: a large network of blood vessels throughout the
Its the incomplete breakdown of glucose and so releases a small amount of energy for use in cell processes
body to reduce the distance of exchange of materials between
Anaerobic : in animals
cells and the bloodstream
takes place in muscle cells during vigorous exercise as our muscles have a higher demand for energy
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DIFFUSION
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration
Diffusion is the movements of molecules from a high to low
concentration across a partially permeable membrane. Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells and lowers the pH making the
The rate of diffusion in an organism can be affected by the surface conditions more acidic which can denature the enzymes in cells
area, diffusion distance and temperature Lactic acid will eventually be broken down using oxygen.
Surface area B8 EXCHANGE & TRANSPORT IN The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid that
The bigger a structure is, the smaller its SA:V ratio is, slowing has built up is referred to as the 'oxygen debt'
down the rate substances move across a surface e.g. root hair ANIMALS. practical:Investigating pumping blood
cells in plants (which absorb water and mineral ions) Respiration 1. oxygenated blood returns into heart via
Diffusion distance investigate the production of pulmonary vein.
The smaller distance molecules have to travel the faster transport carbon dioxide and heat from 2. enters heart on Left atrium and down into left
occurs. why blood capillaries and alveoli have walls one cell thick respiration through experiments ventricle
so rate of diffusion is as fast as possible using germinating seeds or other 3. blood pumped into body via the aorta.
Temperature living organisms such as woodlice 4. deoxygenated blood back in heart via vena cava.
The higher the temperature, the faster molecules move as they Experiment : production of CO2 5. enters heart at Right atrium and down into right
have more energy. More collisions against the cell membrane and by living material during aerobic Ventricle
therefore a faster rate of movement across them respiration in relation to change 6. Blood travels back to lungs via pulmonary artery.
Fick's law in temperature Structure of blood
Method
The rate of diffusion can be described using Fick's law:
Set up the flasks as shown in the diagram. Solution A should Red cell : used to carry oxygenated blood. no
Rate of diffusion ∝
(surface area x concentration gradient)
be soda lime as it absorbs CO2. nucleus to maximise haemoglobin. biconcave to
diffusion distance increase SA for gas exchange
Make sure the cotton wool or bung is plugging the top of
Adaptations of the alveoli each flask White cell : fight off pathogens. higher when ill.
The lungs are adapted to Record the temperature and the distances moved by the Platelets : used to clot blood when you cut
maximise the exchange of bubble. yourself.
gas by diffusion repeat 3 times for each measure of temperature and Plasma : carries all 3 parts of blood. liquid part of
Inside the lungs there are calculate mean. blood.
many alveoli which give a Results blood vessels
large SA:V ratio. as temperature increases, so does the rate of respiration : asVeins :carries blood back to heart : thin wall, flexible,
They have thin, single layers temp increases , it speeds up the rate of chemical reactions wide tube to carry blood at lower pressures
of cells to minimise diffusion by causing molecules to vibrate more and move, therefore Artery : blood away from heart : think wall, elastic,
distance rate of respiration increases muscular wall to carry blood at high pressures.
A layer of moisture on the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE :temperature Capillary : caries blood to every cell in body : 1 cell
surface of the alveoli helps DEPENDENT VARIABLE : distance moved by bubble. wall thick, very narrow tube to increase rate of
diffusion as gases dissolve CONTROL VARIABLE : volume of soda lime, number of maggots diffusion
