ECES-Certified exam 2023 with 100% correct answers

cer/.crt/.der x.509 Digital Certificates extensions - Typically binary encoded. (.cer is Microsoft convention) AES Phases 1. SubBytes - non-linear substitution - uses Rijndael S-box 2. Shiftrows - transposition 3. MixColumns - mixing 4. AddRoundKey IKE Internet Key Exchange - Used by IPSec for Key exchange. EC Formula (y2 = x3 + Ax + B) - Developed by Victor Miller and Neil Koblitz in 1985 Rijndael Algorithm Symmetric Algorithm used for AES 3 Cryptanalysis Resources • Time (amount of time needed to perform the number of calculations to crack encryption) • Memory (the amount of storage required to perform the attack) • Data (the amount of plaintext/ciphertext required for the attack) Birthday Problem How likely would it be for any two people in a room of 23 to share the same birthday? 22+21+20+19+18+17+16+15+14+13+12+11+10+9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1 = 253, the total number of combinations with 23 people. This is approximately a 50% chance for a match(square root of 365 is approximately 23). The probability reaches 100% at 367 people (since there's 366 days in leap years), but with just 70 people, you are at over a 99.9% chance for a match. Block cipher Encryption function for fixed-size blocks of data (typically 64 or 128 bits) - If you want to encrypt something that isn't exactly one block long, you have to use a block cipher mode. Slower than stream ciphers • Larger block sizes increase security • Larger key sizes increase security • If the round is secure, then more rounds increase security