Normans part 3 – church and monasticism
What was important about the Normans’ changes to the church?####greater centralised controlnew
fashions
How was control centralised?####Lanfranc’s authorityLanfranc’s reforms
How was Lanfranc given authority?####1070 - William replaced Stigand with Lanfranc
How did Lanfranc increased his authority?####wanted primacy over Archbishop of York
Who was Archbishop of York?####Thomas of Bayeux
Def: primacy####superiority
How did Lanfranc gain primacy over Archbish Y?####1072 - both archbishes go to Pope Alexander II
to resolve dispute and Lanfranc wins with William’s supported
What was the result of Lanfranc’s authority?####William had a close association with the Church
What issues did Lanfranc want to tackle?####pluralismsimonynepotismclerical marriages
Def: pluralism####churchmen holding multiple position and not being able to fulfil all roles well
Def: simony####buying positions
Def: nepotism####positions being inherited or passed on to friends and family
Def: clerical marriages####churchmen marrying/having mistresses against vows of celibacy
What reforms did Lanfranc make?####held councils (synods)moved cathedralsstrengthened canon
law
Why was synod held?####to tackle church’s issues
Why were cathedrals moved?####to spread influence
Def: ‘canon law’####Church courts’ power to punish citizens for sins
However, (centralised control)####majority of lower-ranking village priests retained their posts
Therefore, (centralised control)####William and Lanfranc authority over the national institution
increased but daily worship remained relatively unchanged
What were the new fashions of the church?####scalearchitecture
How was the scale of churches increased?####major building programme to replace English
churches in Norman style?
By 1090, how many cathedrals had been replaced?####9/15
What was the new architectural style?####Romanesque
What are the features of Romanesque churches?####columnsarchesgeometric designsarched
windows
However, (new fashion)####Due to Edward the Confessor’s Norman tastes Westminster Abbey was
in Romanesque style so wasn’t rebuilt
, Therefore, (new fashion)####Normans revolutionised the vast majority of English churches
Why did Lanfranc feel changes needed to be made?####lay influencelaxity
Def: lay influence####gifts or donations ‘bought’ abbots to give wealthy control over monastery
Def: laxity####monks not adhering to their vows
What vows were monks supposed to live by?####povertychastityobedience
What was important about the Normans’ changes to monasticism?####centralised controlEuropean
network
How was control centralised?####new monasteriesLanfranc’s reforms
How many new monasteries were built during William’s reign?####30
Eg: a monastery built during William’s reign####Shrewsbury (1085)
When/by who was the first Cluniac Abbey built?####Lewes - William de Warrenne
How many Cluniac abbeys were there by 1100?####40
What reforms did Lanfranc make to monasticism?####replaced English abbots with Norman
onescreated new guidelines for monks abt lifestyle and hierarchy
However, (centralised control on monastacism)####there was some resistance
Eg: resistance to changes to monstacism####1083 - monks of Glastonbury Abbey resisted new abbot
Thurstan. Solidiers brought in and 3 monks killed
Therefore, (centralised control of monasticism)####greater control didn’t protect against
resentment or resistance
How was a European network established?####Norman links establishedCluniac Order introduced
How were Norman links established?####English abbots replaced by Normans
By 1086 how many English abbots remained?####3
Why was Cluniac Order introduced?####preferred Order in Norman monasteries
What was the Cluniac Order?####branch of Benedictine Order
However, (European network)####Lanfranc allowed continuation of ‘monastic cathedrals’
Def: monastic cathedral####buildings with a double purpose of an abbey and peoples’ cathedral
Eg: monastic cathedral####ElyChesterNorwich
Therefore, (European network)####New European networks were forged but some vestiges of
English identity remained
What were the areas of the life like for a monk?####daily routineworkingcare-givingwriting
What was the daily routine of a monk?####revolved around worship daily between 2am - 6pm
according to their vows
Eg: monastic services####VespersMatins
What was important about the Normans’ changes to the church?####greater centralised controlnew
fashions
How was control centralised?####Lanfranc’s authorityLanfranc’s reforms
How was Lanfranc given authority?####1070 - William replaced Stigand with Lanfranc
How did Lanfranc increased his authority?####wanted primacy over Archbishop of York
Who was Archbishop of York?####Thomas of Bayeux
Def: primacy####superiority
How did Lanfranc gain primacy over Archbish Y?####1072 - both archbishes go to Pope Alexander II
to resolve dispute and Lanfranc wins with William’s supported
What was the result of Lanfranc’s authority?####William had a close association with the Church
What issues did Lanfranc want to tackle?####pluralismsimonynepotismclerical marriages
Def: pluralism####churchmen holding multiple position and not being able to fulfil all roles well
Def: simony####buying positions
Def: nepotism####positions being inherited or passed on to friends and family
Def: clerical marriages####churchmen marrying/having mistresses against vows of celibacy
What reforms did Lanfranc make?####held councils (synods)moved cathedralsstrengthened canon
law
Why was synod held?####to tackle church’s issues
Why were cathedrals moved?####to spread influence
Def: ‘canon law’####Church courts’ power to punish citizens for sins
However, (centralised control)####majority of lower-ranking village priests retained their posts
Therefore, (centralised control)####William and Lanfranc authority over the national institution
increased but daily worship remained relatively unchanged
What were the new fashions of the church?####scalearchitecture
How was the scale of churches increased?####major building programme to replace English
churches in Norman style?
By 1090, how many cathedrals had been replaced?####9/15
What was the new architectural style?####Romanesque
What are the features of Romanesque churches?####columnsarchesgeometric designsarched
windows
However, (new fashion)####Due to Edward the Confessor’s Norman tastes Westminster Abbey was
in Romanesque style so wasn’t rebuilt
, Therefore, (new fashion)####Normans revolutionised the vast majority of English churches
Why did Lanfranc feel changes needed to be made?####lay influencelaxity
Def: lay influence####gifts or donations ‘bought’ abbots to give wealthy control over monastery
Def: laxity####monks not adhering to their vows
What vows were monks supposed to live by?####povertychastityobedience
What was important about the Normans’ changes to monasticism?####centralised controlEuropean
network
How was control centralised?####new monasteriesLanfranc’s reforms
How many new monasteries were built during William’s reign?####30
Eg: a monastery built during William’s reign####Shrewsbury (1085)
When/by who was the first Cluniac Abbey built?####Lewes - William de Warrenne
How many Cluniac abbeys were there by 1100?####40
What reforms did Lanfranc make to monasticism?####replaced English abbots with Norman
onescreated new guidelines for monks abt lifestyle and hierarchy
However, (centralised control on monastacism)####there was some resistance
Eg: resistance to changes to monstacism####1083 - monks of Glastonbury Abbey resisted new abbot
Thurstan. Solidiers brought in and 3 monks killed
Therefore, (centralised control of monasticism)####greater control didn’t protect against
resentment or resistance
How was a European network established?####Norman links establishedCluniac Order introduced
How were Norman links established?####English abbots replaced by Normans
By 1086 how many English abbots remained?####3
Why was Cluniac Order introduced?####preferred Order in Norman monasteries
What was the Cluniac Order?####branch of Benedictine Order
However, (European network)####Lanfranc allowed continuation of ‘monastic cathedrals’
Def: monastic cathedral####buildings with a double purpose of an abbey and peoples’ cathedral
Eg: monastic cathedral####ElyChesterNorwich
Therefore, (European network)####New European networks were forged but some vestiges of
English identity remained
What were the areas of the life like for a monk?####daily routineworkingcare-givingwriting
What was the daily routine of a monk?####revolved around worship daily between 2am - 6pm
according to their vows
Eg: monastic services####VespersMatins
