Atoms= single particles
Molecules= neutral particles
made of 2+ atoms
Oxygen= 8p + 8n
Cell Compounds: Hydrogen= 1p
Organic compounds: water
- Always contain carbon and hydrogen (usually large molecules) o covalentbo
- Associated with living things large
- Have covalent bonds (sharing electrons between atoms)electron
- ex. Protein, fat , and nucleic acid (DNA) withatoms at th o
BEDNA
Inorganic compounds: hydrogen
t th
- usually mental/nonmetal combination of atoms (small molecules)
- Usually connected by ion bonds (transfer off electrons between ions)electronswitnions
- ex. Water
Water (H2O):
- inorganic (no Carbon) — 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygenH2O
- Polar molecule: molecule where one end is more positive and the other is more negative
- Covalent bond: mutual sharing between 1 or more pairs of electrons between 2 atoms
- Polar covalent bonding: atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond
- The oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms cary a slightly
positive charge— results in unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen
atoms
m
- hydrogen bond: a hydrogen atom (+) is joined to another atom with a partial negative charge
- Water can form hydrogen bonds
Hptatom
Water Characteristics:
1. A solvent
- able to dissolve a wide range of substances (polarity of the water will break ionic bonds)
- NaCl (Salt) will attract water molecules to break it down into Na+ ions and Cl- ions =
break down salt
9 19
- Sugars (carbohydrates) also dissolve in water breakdown
- Used in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Used in many of the Bodies’ metabolic chemical reactions digestion
2. Stick together (cohesive)
- hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen atoms of another waterHstickswitho
molecule
- Allows water to stick together and become a good transport medium (aka blood)
HydrogenBond
3. Has a high heat capacity
- water can absorb a large amount of heat before the temp of the water will go up
- Body can absorb a lot of heat energy without raising the body temp
4. A lubricant
- ex. Fluid in your joints will prevent bones/cartilage from rubbing togetherpreventsrubbing
Water nad pH:
- pH= how acidic/basic a solution is (solution is something that dissolves in water)
- PH is between 1-14 (7- is acidic, 7+ is basic) Blood is 7.4
- Magnitude/intensity increases by a factor of 10 1 14
- acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (ACIDIC- ex.hydrochloric acid)
- Bases releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water (BASIC- ex.sodium hydroxide)
117133 10
in water hydrogen hydrochloricacid
hydroxide sodiumhydroxide
, - Buffers: chemicals that maintain constant pH
- ex. Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) — if blood is too acidic, the hydrogen ion is picked up
and removed by the bicarbonate ion HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3
- An average person is able to survive 3 days without water
HO t Ht 42603
ASICBUILDING Biological Molecules: (carbohydrates)
Ockglucose
Carbohydrates:
-
nergysource carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O)
- Formula: CH20 (commonly called sugars) CHO organic
storage
Carbohydrate Functions:
ofcarbs 1. Energy source/energy store for most cells
bread - ex. glycogen is a long term energy storage in animals glycogen animals
rice - ex. Starch is a long term energy storage in plants
noodles
starch plants
2. Structural support in plants
µ - ex. cellulose polysaccaride chemicalmade
Glucose monomer polymer
Types of Carbohydrate: basicbuildingblock ofmanymono
1. Monosaccaride- 1 sugar molecule (building blocks) for
manycarbohydrate Mersjoined
grg - ex. Glucose, ribose, galactose
6641206
together
2. Disaccharide- 2 sugar molecules joined together
SIM - ex. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
3. Polysaccharide- 2+ sugar molecules joined together (usually long chains of
gcs monosaccharide)
- ex. (A) Glycogen — in the liver of animals (main chain has many side branches)
- ex. (B) Cellulose — in plants for structural purposes (simple straight chain of
monosaccharide)
- ex. (C) Starch — in the roots/seeds of plants for energy (main chan has a few side
chains)
Building Up:
- most organic molecules are formed form smaller units called monomers
- ex. Glucose
- monomers are joined together to form polymers through chemical reactions among the
smaller units
- Biological reactions— when 2 smaller molecules are joined together, 1 molecule gives off an
“H” and the other molecule gives off an “OH” (join together to form water) tho H2O
- when water’s formed as the result of the joining of 2 different biological
monomer molecules, a dehydration synthesis reaction has occurred
Polymer
takingwaterout make biggermolecule 2
to a 1 1
Breaking Apart: adding watertobreak a
- When a large polymer is broken apart into its monomers, water’s used
polymer - “H” will join to one of the monomers and “OH” will join with the other monomer moleculeinto 2 211 1
monomer - Reaction where water is used to break apart a polymer is called hydrolysis
Dehydrationsynthesis
to ortho ortho on
a Httlostlzo
g
Glucose
carbohydgate thot
p p op p µ a
dd n't wat
H
I III
0 0 0 0 H
o c g p
c
c
Hydrolysis tho HtOH
H HHH on ne o
OH o ortho
Ho on to on
of water
Molecules= neutral particles
made of 2+ atoms
Oxygen= 8p + 8n
Cell Compounds: Hydrogen= 1p
Organic compounds: water
- Always contain carbon and hydrogen (usually large molecules) o covalentbo
- Associated with living things large
- Have covalent bonds (sharing electrons between atoms)electron
- ex. Protein, fat , and nucleic acid (DNA) withatoms at th o
BEDNA
Inorganic compounds: hydrogen
t th
- usually mental/nonmetal combination of atoms (small molecules)
- Usually connected by ion bonds (transfer off electrons between ions)electronswitnions
- ex. Water
Water (H2O):
- inorganic (no Carbon) — 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygenH2O
- Polar molecule: molecule where one end is more positive and the other is more negative
- Covalent bond: mutual sharing between 1 or more pairs of electrons between 2 atoms
- Polar covalent bonding: atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond
- The oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms cary a slightly
positive charge— results in unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen
atoms
m
- hydrogen bond: a hydrogen atom (+) is joined to another atom with a partial negative charge
- Water can form hydrogen bonds
Hptatom
Water Characteristics:
1. A solvent
- able to dissolve a wide range of substances (polarity of the water will break ionic bonds)
- NaCl (Salt) will attract water molecules to break it down into Na+ ions and Cl- ions =
break down salt
9 19
- Sugars (carbohydrates) also dissolve in water breakdown
- Used in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Used in many of the Bodies’ metabolic chemical reactions digestion
2. Stick together (cohesive)
- hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen atoms of another waterHstickswitho
molecule
- Allows water to stick together and become a good transport medium (aka blood)
HydrogenBond
3. Has a high heat capacity
- water can absorb a large amount of heat before the temp of the water will go up
- Body can absorb a lot of heat energy without raising the body temp
4. A lubricant
- ex. Fluid in your joints will prevent bones/cartilage from rubbing togetherpreventsrubbing
Water nad pH:
- pH= how acidic/basic a solution is (solution is something that dissolves in water)
- PH is between 1-14 (7- is acidic, 7+ is basic) Blood is 7.4
- Magnitude/intensity increases by a factor of 10 1 14
- acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (ACIDIC- ex.hydrochloric acid)
- Bases releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water (BASIC- ex.sodium hydroxide)
117133 10
in water hydrogen hydrochloricacid
hydroxide sodiumhydroxide
, - Buffers: chemicals that maintain constant pH
- ex. Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) — if blood is too acidic, the hydrogen ion is picked up
and removed by the bicarbonate ion HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3
- An average person is able to survive 3 days without water
HO t Ht 42603
ASICBUILDING Biological Molecules: (carbohydrates)
Ockglucose
Carbohydrates:
-
nergysource carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O)
- Formula: CH20 (commonly called sugars) CHO organic
storage
Carbohydrate Functions:
ofcarbs 1. Energy source/energy store for most cells
bread - ex. glycogen is a long term energy storage in animals glycogen animals
rice - ex. Starch is a long term energy storage in plants
noodles
starch plants
2. Structural support in plants
µ - ex. cellulose polysaccaride chemicalmade
Glucose monomer polymer
Types of Carbohydrate: basicbuildingblock ofmanymono
1. Monosaccaride- 1 sugar molecule (building blocks) for
manycarbohydrate Mersjoined
grg - ex. Glucose, ribose, galactose
6641206
together
2. Disaccharide- 2 sugar molecules joined together
SIM - ex. Sucrose, lactose, maltose
3. Polysaccharide- 2+ sugar molecules joined together (usually long chains of
gcs monosaccharide)
- ex. (A) Glycogen — in the liver of animals (main chain has many side branches)
- ex. (B) Cellulose — in plants for structural purposes (simple straight chain of
monosaccharide)
- ex. (C) Starch — in the roots/seeds of plants for energy (main chan has a few side
chains)
Building Up:
- most organic molecules are formed form smaller units called monomers
- ex. Glucose
- monomers are joined together to form polymers through chemical reactions among the
smaller units
- Biological reactions— when 2 smaller molecules are joined together, 1 molecule gives off an
“H” and the other molecule gives off an “OH” (join together to form water) tho H2O
- when water’s formed as the result of the joining of 2 different biological
monomer molecules, a dehydration synthesis reaction has occurred
Polymer
takingwaterout make biggermolecule 2
to a 1 1
Breaking Apart: adding watertobreak a
- When a large polymer is broken apart into its monomers, water’s used
polymer - “H” will join to one of the monomers and “OH” will join with the other monomer moleculeinto 2 211 1
monomer - Reaction where water is used to break apart a polymer is called hydrolysis
Dehydrationsynthesis
to ortho ortho on
a Httlostlzo
g
Glucose
carbohydgate thot
p p op p µ a
dd n't wat
H
I III
0 0 0 0 H
o c g p
c
c
Hydrolysis tho HtOH
H HHH on ne o
OH o ortho
Ho on to on
of water
