Chapter 1
Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts
Questions
1-1 The three major types of product costs 1-4
in a manufacturing company are direct a. Variable cost: The variable cost per unit is
materials, direct labor, and manufacturing constant, but total variable cost changes in
overhead. direct proportion to changes in volume.
b. Fixed cost: The total fixed cost is constant
1-2 within the relevant range. The average fixed
a. Direct materials are an integral part of a cost per unit varies inversely with changes
finished product and their costs can be in volume.
conveniently traced to it. c. Mixed cost: A mixed cost contains both
b. Indirect materials are generally small variable and fixed cost elements.
items of material such as glue and nails. They
may be an integral part of a finished product but 1-5
their costs can be traced to the product only at a. Unit fixed costs decrease as the activity level
great cost or inconvenience. increases.
c. Direct labor consists of labor costs that b. Unit variable costs remain constant as the
can be easily traced to particular products. activity level increases.
Direct labor is also called “touch labor.” c. Total fixed costs remain constant as the
d. Indirect labor consists of the labor costs activity level increases.
of janitors, supervisors, materials handlers, and d. Total variable costs increase as the activity
other factory workers that cannot be level increases.
conveniently traced to particular products.
These labor costs are incurred to support 1-6
production, but the workers involved do not a. Cost behavior: Cost behavior refers to the
directly work on the product. way in which costs change in response to
e. Manufacturing overhead includes all changes in a measure of activity such as
manufacturing costs except direct materials and sales volume, production volume, or orders
direct labor. Consequently, manufacturing processed.
overhead includes indirect materials and indirect b. Relevant range: The relevant range is the
labor as well as other manufacturing costs. range of activity within which assumptions
about variable and fixed cost behavior are
1-3 A product cost is any cost involved in valid.
purchasing or manufacturing goods. In the case
of manufactured goods, these costs consist of 1-7 An activity base is a measure of
direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing whatever causes the incurrence of a variable
overhead. A period cost is a cost that is taken cost. Examples of activity bases include units
directly to the income statement as an expense produced, units sold, letters typed, beds in a
in the period in which it is incurred. hospital, meals served in a cafe, service calls
made, etc.
1-8 The linear assumption is reasonably
valid providing that the cost formula is used only
within the relevant range.
Managerial Accounting 18th Edition, Solutions Manual, Chapter 1 1
Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts
Questions
1-1 The three major types of product costs 1-4
in a manufacturing company are direct a. Variable cost: The variable cost per unit is
materials, direct labor, and manufacturing constant, but total variable cost changes in
overhead. direct proportion to changes in volume.
b. Fixed cost: The total fixed cost is constant
1-2 within the relevant range. The average fixed
a. Direct materials are an integral part of a cost per unit varies inversely with changes
finished product and their costs can be in volume.
conveniently traced to it. c. Mixed cost: A mixed cost contains both
b. Indirect materials are generally small variable and fixed cost elements.
items of material such as glue and nails. They
may be an integral part of a finished product but 1-5
their costs can be traced to the product only at a. Unit fixed costs decrease as the activity level
great cost or inconvenience. increases.
c. Direct labor consists of labor costs that b. Unit variable costs remain constant as the
can be easily traced to particular products. activity level increases.
Direct labor is also called “touch labor.” c. Total fixed costs remain constant as the
d. Indirect labor consists of the labor costs activity level increases.
of janitors, supervisors, materials handlers, and d. Total variable costs increase as the activity
other factory workers that cannot be level increases.
conveniently traced to particular products.
These labor costs are incurred to support 1-6
production, but the workers involved do not a. Cost behavior: Cost behavior refers to the
directly work on the product. way in which costs change in response to
e. Manufacturing overhead includes all changes in a measure of activity such as
manufacturing costs except direct materials and sales volume, production volume, or orders
direct labor. Consequently, manufacturing processed.
overhead includes indirect materials and indirect b. Relevant range: The relevant range is the
labor as well as other manufacturing costs. range of activity within which assumptions
about variable and fixed cost behavior are
1-3 A product cost is any cost involved in valid.
purchasing or manufacturing goods. In the case
of manufactured goods, these costs consist of 1-7 An activity base is a measure of
direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing whatever causes the incurrence of a variable
overhead. A period cost is a cost that is taken cost. Examples of activity bases include units
directly to the income statement as an expense produced, units sold, letters typed, beds in a
in the period in which it is incurred. hospital, meals served in a cafe, service calls
made, etc.
1-8 The linear assumption is reasonably
valid providing that the cost formula is used only
within the relevant range.
Managerial Accounting 18th Edition, Solutions Manual, Chapter 1 1
