Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine Nicpon Marieb 9780805355178

Contents Preface to the Student x Getting Started – What to Expect, The Scientific Method, and Metrics xii THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION Exercise 1 The Language of Anatomy 1 Exercise 2 Organ Systems Overview 10 THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USES Exercise 3 The Microscope 21 THE CELL Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy and Division: 30 Exercise 5A The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Permeability—Wet Lab 40 HISTOLOGY: BASIC TISSUES OF THE BODY Exercise 6A Classification of Tissues 48 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AND BODY MEMBRANES Exercise 7 The Integumentary System 67 Exercise 8 Classification of Covering and Lining Membranes 77 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Exercise 9 Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages 81 Exercise 10 The Axial Skeleton 90 Exercise 11 The Appendicular Skeleton 105 Exercise 12 The Fetal Skeleton 117 Exercise 13 Articulations and Body Movements 119 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMEXERCISE 14 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 132 Exercise 15 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System 137 Exercise 16A Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs and Human Subjects 167 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Exercise 17 Histology of Nervous Tissue 185 Exercise 18A Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Wet Lab 193 Exercise 19 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves 200 Exercise 20 Electroencephalography 219 Exercise 21 Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System 226 Exercise 22 Human Reflex Physiology 247 Exercise 23 General Sensation 257 Exercise 24 Special Senses: Vision 264 Exercise 25 Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium 278 Exercise 26 Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste 288 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Exercise 27 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands 294 Exercise 28A Hormonal Action:Wet Lab 301 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Exercise 29A Blood 307 Exercise 30 Anatomy of the Heart 322 Exercise 31 Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography 332 Exercise 32 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 343 Exercise 33A Human Cardiovascular Physiology: Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations 359 Exercise 34A Frog Cardiovascular Physiology: Wet Lab 372 Exercise 35 The Lymphatic System and Immune Response 383 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMExercise 36 Anatomy of the Respiratory System 391 Exercise 37A Respiratory System Physiology 399 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Exercise 38 Anatomy of the Digestive System 418 Exercise 39A Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion: Wet Lab 435 THE URINARY SYSTEM Exercise 40 Anatomy of the Urinary System 443 Exercise 41A Urinalysis 451 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, DEVELOPMENT, AND HEREDITY Exercise 42 Anatomy of the Reproductive System 458 Exercise 43 Physiology of Reproduction: Gametogenesis and the Female Cycles 467 Exercise 44 Survey of Embryonic Development 477 Exercise 45 Principles of Heredity 483 SURFACE ANATOMY Exercise 46 Surface Anatomy Roundup 493 Review Sheets 513 Histology Atlas 729 Human Anatomy Atlas 740 DISSECTION EXERCISES Dissection Exercise 1 Dissection and Identification of Cat Muscles 751 Dissection Exercise 2 Dissection of Cat Spinal Nerves 768 Dissection Exercise 3 Identification of Selected Endocrine Organs of the Cat 773 Dissection Exercise 4 Dissection of the Blood Vesseles of the Cat 776 Dissection Exercise 5 The Main Lymphatic Ducts of the Cat 787Dissection Exercise 6 Dissection of the Respiratory System of the Cat 788 Dissection Exercise 7 Dissection of Digestive System of the Cat 791 Dissection Exercise 8 Dissection of the Urinary System of the Cat 796 Dissection Exercise 9 Dissection of the Reproductive System of the Cat 800 PHYSIOEX™ PhysioEx™ Version 5.0 Computer Simulations Introduction P-1 Exercise 5B The Cell—Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Computer Simulation P-4 Exercise 6B Histology Tutorial P-15 Exercise 16B Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Computer Simulation P-17 Exercise 18B Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Computer Simulation P-28 Exercise 28B Endocrine System Physiology: Computer Simulation P- 37 Exercise 29B Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation P-48 Exercise 33B Cardiovascular Dynamics: Computer Simulation P-60 Exercise 34B Frog Cardiovascular Physiology: Computer Simulation P-71 Exercise 37B Respiratory System Mechanics: Computer Simulation P-78 Exercise 39B Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion: Computer Simulation P-86 Exercise 41B Renal Physiology: The Function of the Nephron—Computer Simulation P-97 Exercise 47 Acid-Base Balance: Computer Simulation P-105Reference List • Cite the source of any material used to support this report. Expect, The Scientific Method, and Metrics# Table G.1 Metric SystemA. Commonly used units B. Fractions and their multiples Measurement Unit Length Volume Mass Time* Temperature Meter (m) Liter (L; l with prefix) Gram (g) Second (s) Degree Celsius (°C) Fraction or multiple 10 6 10 3 10 21 10 22 10 23 one million one thousand one tenth one hundredth one thousandth 1026 one millionth 1029 one billionth Prefix mega kilo deci centi milli micro nano Symbol M k d c m m n * The accepted standard for time is the second; and thus hours and minutes are used in scientific, as well as everyday, measurement of time. The only prefixes generally used are those indicating fractional portions of seconds—for example, millisecond and microsecond. Getting Started_What toAnswer s 1. range of 94–64 or 30 beats/min; mean 77.5 2. 3800% 3. 75% 4. 160% 5. 8 6. 0.0005 7. 10 breaths/min 8. interval between 100–102° (went from 22 to 36 breaths/min) 9. 12 cm 5 120 mm 10. 2000 mm 5 2 mm 11. 3 cm long 12. 4 m long 13. 200 14. 0.45 L 15. 300 g 5 3 3 10 5 mg 5 3 3 10 8 mg 16. 4000 mg 5 4 mg 5 4 3 10 23 g (0.004g)e x e r c i s e 1 The Language of Anatomy M ost of us are naturally curious about our bodies. This fact is amply demonstrated by infants, who are fascinated with their own waving hands or their mother’s nose. Unlike the infant, however, the student of anatomy must learn to observe and identify the dissectible body structures formally. When beginning the study of any science, the student is often initially overcome by jargon unique to the subject. The study of anatomy is no exception. But without this specialized terminology, confusion is inevitable. For example, what do over, on top of, superficial to, above, and behind mean in reference to the human body? Anatomists have an accepted set of reference terms that are universally understood. These allow body structures to be located and identified with a minimum of words and a high degree of clarity. This exercise presents some of the most important anatomical terminology used to describe the body and introduces you to basic concepts of gross anatomy, the study of body structures visible to the naked eye. Anatomical Position When anatomists or doctors refer to specific areas of the human body, they do so in accordance with a universally accepted standard position called the anatomical position. It is essential to understand this position because much of the body terminology employed in this book refers to this body positioning, regardless of the position the body happens to be in. In the anatomical position the human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward (Figure 1.1). • Assume the anatomical position, and notice that it is not particularly comfortable. The hands are held unnaturally forward rather than hanging partially cupped toward the thighs. Surface Anatomy Body surfaces provide a wealth of visible landmarks for study of the body (Figure 1.1). Axial: relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body. Appendicular: relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis. Ant er i or Body Landmarks Note the following regions in Figure 1.2a: Abdominal: Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs. Acromial: Pertaining to the point of the shoulder. Antebrachial: Pertaining to the forearm.Antecubital: Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow. Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit Brachial: Pertaining to the arm Buccal: Pertaining to the cheek Carpal: Pertaining to the wrist Cervical: Pertaining to the neck region Coxal: Pertaining to the hip Crural: Pertaining to the leg Digital: Pertaining to the fingers or toes Femoral: Pertaining to the thigh Frontal: Pertaining to the forehead Hallux: Pertaining to the great toe Inguinal: Pertaining to the groin Mammary: Pertaining to the breast Mental: Pertaining to the chin Nasal: Pertaining to the nose Oral: Pertaining to the mouth Orbital: Pertaining to the bony eye socket (orbit) Palmar: Pertaining to the palm of the hand Patellar: Pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region Pedal: Pertaining to the foot Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis region Fibular (peroneal): Pertaining to the side of the leg Pollex: Pertaining to the thumb Pubic: Pertaining to the genital region Sternal: Pertaining to the region of the breastbone Tarsal: Pertaining to the ankle Thoracic: Pertaining to the chest Umbilical: Pertaining to the navel Pos t er i or Body Landmarks Note the following body surface regions in Figure 1.2b: Acromial: Pertaining to the point of the shoulderBrachial: Pertaining to the arm Calcaneal: Pertaining to the heel of the foot Cephalic: Pertaining to the head Dorsum: Pertaining to the back Femoral: Pertaining to the thigh Gluteal: Pertaining to the buttocks or rump Lumbar: Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin Manus: Pertaining to the hand Occipital: Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull