Chapter 1
Self-transcending motives: motives that extend beyond the self, such as justice
values and feelings of solidarity (can be contrasted with self-enhancing or egoistic
motives).
Solidarity: common identity, suggesting a mutual attachment between individuals in
society, both practically (i.e., depending on each other) and normatively (i.e., what we
expect of each other; see Chap. 3).
Social dilemmas: situations in which short-term self-interests con lict with longer-
term societal interests in such a way that individuals are better o if they do not act
cooperatively, but everybody is better o if everyone cooperates compared to the
situation in which no one cooperates. If no one cooperates, everyone will be worse
o in the end.
• Resource dilemmas (take-some dilemmas): social dilemmas in which a course of
action that o ers positive outcomes for the self leads to negative outcomes for the
collective
• Public goods dilemma (give-some dilemmas): social dilemmas in which an action
that results in negative consequences for the self would, if performed by enough
people, lead to positive consequences for the collective.
• Prisoner’s dilemma: social dilemma in which (usually) two players simultaneously
face a choice between cooperating with each other or defecting, where the best
outcome for Player A is the one where they defect and the other cooperates, while
the worst outcome is where they cooperate and the other defects.
Social inequality: the uneven allocation of burdens and valued resources across
members of a society based on their group membership in combination with the
undervaluation of these members of society based on their group membership.
Social justice: considerations of who is deserving of what and how this is to be
achieved. Usually a distinction is made between distributive and procedural justice,
but more forms can be distinguished, such as the scope of justice and justice as
recognition (see Chap. 4).
Social policies: the services, facilities, and broader support of social groups through
which welfare states attempt to identify and address social inequalities as well as
social risks.
Welfare state: a nation state providing government- protected minimum standards of
income, nutrition, health, housing, and education, guaranteed in the form of
citizenship rights.
ff ff ff ff f
,Chapter 2
Collective action: any action that promotes the interests of one’s group or is
conducted in political solidarity (e.g., via political protest, signing a petition, voting
on an issue).
Common Ingroup Identity Model: a framework which proposes that a key means to
improving intergroup relations is encouraging members of di erent groups to
conceive of themselves as members of a single, more inclusive group (e.g.,
American), rather than as two completely separate groups (e.g., Black and White; see
also superordinate identities; subgroup identities).
Subgroup identities: a distinct social identity nested within a larger superordinate
identity or group (e.g., Catholics and Protestants are both forms of Christianity).
Social identity threat: a sense of threat the occurs when an important social identity
is devalued or viewed negatively (see also distinctiveness threat; group-value threat).
Distinctiveness threat: a speci ic type of social identity threat that occurs when
group members perceive that their ingroup identity is being eroded or subsumed by
other superordinate identities (see also social identity threat; superordinate
identities).
Superordinate identities: a common, inclusive social identity which unites people
from dis- tinct subgroups (e.g., the American national identity comprises both Black
and White Americans).
Group-value threat: a speci ic type of social identity threat that occurs when a
negative social comparison between the ingroup and a relevant outgroup
compromises the perceived value and/or status of the ingroup (see also social
identity threat).
Dual identity model: a framework which proposes that a key means to improving
intergroup relations is encouraging members of di erent groups to simultaneously
conceive of themselves as members of their own subgroup (to protect
distinctiveness) and members of a single, more inclusive group (to promote ingroup
positivity).
Ingroup favouritism: the tendency to favour ingroup members over the outgroup in
behaviour, attitudes, preferences, or perceptions (e.g., allocating greater rewards,
greater trust, and cooperation).
Outgroup derogation: unfavourable evaluations of outgroups and their members as
a means of bolstering the ingroup’s status or image (e.g., intergroup discrimination).
f f ff ff
, Politicised identities: identifying as an ‘activist’ and/or with a social movement
organization (e.g., Greenpeace).
Social change: changes in human interactions and relationships that transform
cultural and social institutions. These changes occur over time and often have
profound and long-term consequences for society.
Social Identity Model of Collective Action: a model which explains why people
come to engage in collective action on behalf of a cause. This framework proposes
that ingroup identi ication (e.g., identi ication with a social movement) motivates a
sense of injustice about the status quo and group e icacy (i.e., individuals’ beliefs
that the group is able to achieve group goals through uni ied e ort). Together, the
three factors each predict greater collective action engagement.
Social identity salience: the extent to which people think of themselves as members
of a particular group in any given situation.
Social Identity Theory: a theory that proposes that a person’s self-concept is
comprised of both a personal identity (i.e., comprised of their unique attitudes,
memories, and emotions) and social identities, which are de ined by the social
categories and groups to which they belong. These social identities, in turn, in luence
how they interact with and treat other people who have the same or di erent social
identities to them (see also social identity).
Social identity: the aspect of a person’s identity that is de ined by the social
categories to which they belong (e.g., gender, race, religion) and the emotional and
evaluative consequences of this group membership (see also Social Identity Theory).
f f ff f f f ff ff f
Self-transcending motives: motives that extend beyond the self, such as justice
values and feelings of solidarity (can be contrasted with self-enhancing or egoistic
motives).
Solidarity: common identity, suggesting a mutual attachment between individuals in
society, both practically (i.e., depending on each other) and normatively (i.e., what we
expect of each other; see Chap. 3).
Social dilemmas: situations in which short-term self-interests con lict with longer-
term societal interests in such a way that individuals are better o if they do not act
cooperatively, but everybody is better o if everyone cooperates compared to the
situation in which no one cooperates. If no one cooperates, everyone will be worse
o in the end.
• Resource dilemmas (take-some dilemmas): social dilemmas in which a course of
action that o ers positive outcomes for the self leads to negative outcomes for the
collective
• Public goods dilemma (give-some dilemmas): social dilemmas in which an action
that results in negative consequences for the self would, if performed by enough
people, lead to positive consequences for the collective.
• Prisoner’s dilemma: social dilemma in which (usually) two players simultaneously
face a choice between cooperating with each other or defecting, where the best
outcome for Player A is the one where they defect and the other cooperates, while
the worst outcome is where they cooperate and the other defects.
Social inequality: the uneven allocation of burdens and valued resources across
members of a society based on their group membership in combination with the
undervaluation of these members of society based on their group membership.
Social justice: considerations of who is deserving of what and how this is to be
achieved. Usually a distinction is made between distributive and procedural justice,
but more forms can be distinguished, such as the scope of justice and justice as
recognition (see Chap. 4).
Social policies: the services, facilities, and broader support of social groups through
which welfare states attempt to identify and address social inequalities as well as
social risks.
Welfare state: a nation state providing government- protected minimum standards of
income, nutrition, health, housing, and education, guaranteed in the form of
citizenship rights.
ff ff ff ff f
,Chapter 2
Collective action: any action that promotes the interests of one’s group or is
conducted in political solidarity (e.g., via political protest, signing a petition, voting
on an issue).
Common Ingroup Identity Model: a framework which proposes that a key means to
improving intergroup relations is encouraging members of di erent groups to
conceive of themselves as members of a single, more inclusive group (e.g.,
American), rather than as two completely separate groups (e.g., Black and White; see
also superordinate identities; subgroup identities).
Subgroup identities: a distinct social identity nested within a larger superordinate
identity or group (e.g., Catholics and Protestants are both forms of Christianity).
Social identity threat: a sense of threat the occurs when an important social identity
is devalued or viewed negatively (see also distinctiveness threat; group-value threat).
Distinctiveness threat: a speci ic type of social identity threat that occurs when
group members perceive that their ingroup identity is being eroded or subsumed by
other superordinate identities (see also social identity threat; superordinate
identities).
Superordinate identities: a common, inclusive social identity which unites people
from dis- tinct subgroups (e.g., the American national identity comprises both Black
and White Americans).
Group-value threat: a speci ic type of social identity threat that occurs when a
negative social comparison between the ingroup and a relevant outgroup
compromises the perceived value and/or status of the ingroup (see also social
identity threat).
Dual identity model: a framework which proposes that a key means to improving
intergroup relations is encouraging members of di erent groups to simultaneously
conceive of themselves as members of their own subgroup (to protect
distinctiveness) and members of a single, more inclusive group (to promote ingroup
positivity).
Ingroup favouritism: the tendency to favour ingroup members over the outgroup in
behaviour, attitudes, preferences, or perceptions (e.g., allocating greater rewards,
greater trust, and cooperation).
Outgroup derogation: unfavourable evaluations of outgroups and their members as
a means of bolstering the ingroup’s status or image (e.g., intergroup discrimination).
f f ff ff
, Politicised identities: identifying as an ‘activist’ and/or with a social movement
organization (e.g., Greenpeace).
Social change: changes in human interactions and relationships that transform
cultural and social institutions. These changes occur over time and often have
profound and long-term consequences for society.
Social Identity Model of Collective Action: a model which explains why people
come to engage in collective action on behalf of a cause. This framework proposes
that ingroup identi ication (e.g., identi ication with a social movement) motivates a
sense of injustice about the status quo and group e icacy (i.e., individuals’ beliefs
that the group is able to achieve group goals through uni ied e ort). Together, the
three factors each predict greater collective action engagement.
Social identity salience: the extent to which people think of themselves as members
of a particular group in any given situation.
Social Identity Theory: a theory that proposes that a person’s self-concept is
comprised of both a personal identity (i.e., comprised of their unique attitudes,
memories, and emotions) and social identities, which are de ined by the social
categories and groups to which they belong. These social identities, in turn, in luence
how they interact with and treat other people who have the same or di erent social
identities to them (see also social identity).
Social identity: the aspect of a person’s identity that is de ined by the social
categories to which they belong (e.g., gender, race, religion) and the emotional and
evaluative consequences of this group membership (see also Social Identity Theory).
f f ff f f f ff ff f
