UNIT 1: Ecosystems
Predation (+/-) Symbiosis
Herbivores (giraffe & tree)
Mutualism (+/+) - coral & lichen
True Predators (carnivores)
Commensalism (+/0)
Parasites (use host for energy)
Parasitism (+/-)
Parasitoids (lay eggs in host)
Competition
Resource partitioning (reduce competition)
Temporal partitioning (using at diff times, like hunting
day vs. night)
Spatial partitioning (use diff areas of shared habitat
Morphological partitioning (using deff resources based
on diff body features)
Terrestrial Biomes
CYCLES
Tundra (cold, treeless)
Carbon - Introduced: respiration &
Boreal Forest (very cold, evergreen trees)
Temperate Rainforest (mod. temp, high combustion of fossil fuels / Removed:
precipitation) photosynthesis & decomposition
Temperate Seasonal Forest (warm (cellular respiration) = happening
summer, cold winters) simultaneously
Woodland/Shrubland (hot, dry summers Water - 1 evaporation + transpiration
rainy winters) (water from leaves) / 2 condensation
Temperate Grassland (wildfires, very dry) (clouds form) / 3 precipitation
Tropical Rainforest (warm/wet) Phosphorus - 1 weathering erosion / 2
Savanna (distinct wet/dry seasons) assimilation (consuming/absorbing) /
Aquatic Biomes 3 decomposition excretion
Lakes and Ponds (freshwater - Zones: (organisms) / 4 sediments (runoff into
Littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic) water) = happens on land
Freshwater wetlands Nitrogen (* most abundant in
Estuaries - rivers empty into ocean (Salt atmosphere / happens on ground ) - 1
Marshes (non woody vegetation) & Nitrogen Fixation --> converts to
Mangrove swamps
Ammonia / 2 Assimilation / 3
Coral Reef (most diverse, warm shallow)
Ammonification --> Ammonium / 4
Intertidal zone (narrow band between
coverts to Nitrate/Nitrite
high & low tide)
Open Ocean (low productivity / algae & (Nitrification) / 5 Leaching / 6
phytoplankton) Denitrification
, High PP = high plant growth = lots of food & shelter for animals
Primary Productivity GPP (gross) - total sun energy that
measured in kcal/m2/yr. plants capture and convert to
UV light
glucose
rate that solar energy absorbing
NPP (net) - energy leftover for
is converted into org. consumers after plants used some
most = UV-B
compounds via least = UV-C
for respiration
photosynthesis
NPP = GPP - RL (respiration loss)
Energy Pyramid
Feedback loops
Positive (+): The first apple ripens,
causing the rest
Negative (-): Low-altitude clouds reflect
sunlight back into space. The result is
less heating of Earth's surface, less
evaporation, and less warming
Food Chain VS. Food Web
Tragedy of the Commons
short term gain for long term negative
effect
Ex: Coffee plants are a naturally occurring
shared resource, but overconsumption
has led to habitat loss endangering 60
percent of the plants' species
Ecological Footprint
cropland, grazing land,
fishing grounds, built-up
land, forest area, and carbon
demand on land
- for human need
, UNIT 2: Biodiversity
Genetics Species Habitat
Biodiversity Biodiversity Biodiversity
how diff genes are # of diff species # of diff habitats
of individuals and balance or in given area
w/on a pop. evenness
Generalist vs. Specialist
Racoons v. Koala
Bottle neck effect
An env. disturbance drastically
reduces pop. size (Ex: earthquake, Species Richness
floods, fires) total # of diff species
Species Evenness
how all individual organisms are
Ecosystem Services
balanced between diff species
Provisioning: taken from resources
(wood, paper, food) /NEG: over
harvesting, water pollution, & Island Biogeography
urbanization study of ecological relationships &
Regulating: climate/air quality, reduce community structure on islands
storm damage, &health care cost / larger = higher ecosystem diversity
NEG: deforestation closer to mainland = higher species
Supporting: bees pollinate crops / richness
NEG: pollinator had. loss & filling in
wetlands
Cultural: money from recreation Ecological Tolerance
(parks, camping, tours) / NEG: Optimal range: organisms survive, grow,
deforestation, pollution, & reproduce
urbanization Zone of physiological stress: survive, but
experience infertility, lack of growth, &
decreased activity
Zone of intolerance: organisms will die
Natural Disruptions
Periodic: regular frequency (Ex: dry-wet seasons)
Episodic: occasional events w/ irregular frequency (Ex:
hurricanes, droughts, fires)
Random: no regular frequency (Ex: volcanoes, earthquakes, &
asteroids)
Predation (+/-) Symbiosis
Herbivores (giraffe & tree)
Mutualism (+/+) - coral & lichen
True Predators (carnivores)
Commensalism (+/0)
Parasites (use host for energy)
Parasitism (+/-)
Parasitoids (lay eggs in host)
Competition
Resource partitioning (reduce competition)
Temporal partitioning (using at diff times, like hunting
day vs. night)
Spatial partitioning (use diff areas of shared habitat
Morphological partitioning (using deff resources based
on diff body features)
Terrestrial Biomes
CYCLES
Tundra (cold, treeless)
Carbon - Introduced: respiration &
Boreal Forest (very cold, evergreen trees)
Temperate Rainforest (mod. temp, high combustion of fossil fuels / Removed:
precipitation) photosynthesis & decomposition
Temperate Seasonal Forest (warm (cellular respiration) = happening
summer, cold winters) simultaneously
Woodland/Shrubland (hot, dry summers Water - 1 evaporation + transpiration
rainy winters) (water from leaves) / 2 condensation
Temperate Grassland (wildfires, very dry) (clouds form) / 3 precipitation
Tropical Rainforest (warm/wet) Phosphorus - 1 weathering erosion / 2
Savanna (distinct wet/dry seasons) assimilation (consuming/absorbing) /
Aquatic Biomes 3 decomposition excretion
Lakes and Ponds (freshwater - Zones: (organisms) / 4 sediments (runoff into
Littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic) water) = happens on land
Freshwater wetlands Nitrogen (* most abundant in
Estuaries - rivers empty into ocean (Salt atmosphere / happens on ground ) - 1
Marshes (non woody vegetation) & Nitrogen Fixation --> converts to
Mangrove swamps
Ammonia / 2 Assimilation / 3
Coral Reef (most diverse, warm shallow)
Ammonification --> Ammonium / 4
Intertidal zone (narrow band between
coverts to Nitrate/Nitrite
high & low tide)
Open Ocean (low productivity / algae & (Nitrification) / 5 Leaching / 6
phytoplankton) Denitrification
, High PP = high plant growth = lots of food & shelter for animals
Primary Productivity GPP (gross) - total sun energy that
measured in kcal/m2/yr. plants capture and convert to
UV light
glucose
rate that solar energy absorbing
NPP (net) - energy leftover for
is converted into org. consumers after plants used some
most = UV-B
compounds via least = UV-C
for respiration
photosynthesis
NPP = GPP - RL (respiration loss)
Energy Pyramid
Feedback loops
Positive (+): The first apple ripens,
causing the rest
Negative (-): Low-altitude clouds reflect
sunlight back into space. The result is
less heating of Earth's surface, less
evaporation, and less warming
Food Chain VS. Food Web
Tragedy of the Commons
short term gain for long term negative
effect
Ex: Coffee plants are a naturally occurring
shared resource, but overconsumption
has led to habitat loss endangering 60
percent of the plants' species
Ecological Footprint
cropland, grazing land,
fishing grounds, built-up
land, forest area, and carbon
demand on land
- for human need
, UNIT 2: Biodiversity
Genetics Species Habitat
Biodiversity Biodiversity Biodiversity
how diff genes are # of diff species # of diff habitats
of individuals and balance or in given area
w/on a pop. evenness
Generalist vs. Specialist
Racoons v. Koala
Bottle neck effect
An env. disturbance drastically
reduces pop. size (Ex: earthquake, Species Richness
floods, fires) total # of diff species
Species Evenness
how all individual organisms are
Ecosystem Services
balanced between diff species
Provisioning: taken from resources
(wood, paper, food) /NEG: over
harvesting, water pollution, & Island Biogeography
urbanization study of ecological relationships &
Regulating: climate/air quality, reduce community structure on islands
storm damage, &health care cost / larger = higher ecosystem diversity
NEG: deforestation closer to mainland = higher species
Supporting: bees pollinate crops / richness
NEG: pollinator had. loss & filling in
wetlands
Cultural: money from recreation Ecological Tolerance
(parks, camping, tours) / NEG: Optimal range: organisms survive, grow,
deforestation, pollution, & reproduce
urbanization Zone of physiological stress: survive, but
experience infertility, lack of growth, &
decreased activity
Zone of intolerance: organisms will die
Natural Disruptions
Periodic: regular frequency (Ex: dry-wet seasons)
Episodic: occasional events w/ irregular frequency (Ex:
hurricanes, droughts, fires)
Random: no regular frequency (Ex: volcanoes, earthquakes, &
asteroids)
