EDF 6225: Chapter 1 and 2 (For test #1) Exam Questions and Answers

Applied Behavior Analysis: The science in which tactics derived from the principles of _________ are applied to improve ________ significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change. - Answer- behavior socially ________________: The idea that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a result of other events, or are systematically related to other factors, which are themselves physical phenomena amendable to scientific investigation. - Answer- Determinism Behaviorism: The ___________ of the science of behavior. The science of behavior entails 3 domains: philosophy, basic research (______) and applied research (ABA). - Answer- philosophy EAB ______________: a controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomena of interest (__________ variable) under two or more different conditions, in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another. - Answer- Experiment dependent Empiricism: the practice of ____________ observation of the phenomena of interest, independent of the individual prejudices, tastes and private opinions of the scientist. - Answer- objective Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB): _________ research; named by Skinner to be the analysis of operant behavior. - Answer- Basic ___________ Fiction: a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon, such as "intelligence" or "cognitive awareness" as explanations for why an organism pushes the lever when the light is on and food is available but does not push the lever when the light is off and no food is available. - Answer- Explanatory Hypothetic Constructs - Answer- Presumed but unobserved entities that cannot be manipulated in an experiment, such as cognitive processes, drives and free will. Functional Analysis: a demonstration of functional ________ between environmental variables and behavior. This differs from a correlation. A correlation means that we see two things sometimes _________ with each other, such as vocabulary knowledge and shoe size. However, shoe size does not determine vocabulary knowledge, and therefore those two variables do not have a function relation. A functional relation indicates as one variable changes in one way, the other variable reliably changes as well. A functional relation exists when we well controlled experiment demonstrates a specific change in one event is _________ produced by manipulations of another event, and the change is unlikely to be due to other cofounding variables. - Answer- relations covary reliably _____________: An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not all. Hypothetical constructs and explanatory fictions make up mentalism, and this idea dominated intellectual thought in most early psychological theories (Ex Freud). - Answer- Mentalism ________________ Behaviorism: Philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed (inner variables such as feelings) to be outside the realm of the science. This standpoint views everything in the mind as inside the "black box" and therefore believes it the be outside the realm of science. - Answer- Methodological _____________: Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered. - Answer- Parsimony Philosophic Doubt: Requires the scientist to continually __________ the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact. Example: could there be another reason for why this behavior is occurring? (Ex: molars are coming in, biting feels good because of the pressure). - Answer- question Pragmatism: A philosophical position asserting that the truth value of a statement is determined by how well it promotes effective action; pragmatism is a primary criterion by which behavior analysts judge the __________ of their findings. - Answer- value __________ Behaviorism: B.F. Skinner's philosophy of the science of human behavior. Most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of behavior analysis. Wanting to understand ALL behavior, he incorporated private events into an overall conceptual system of behavior. - Answer- Radical Replication: Repeating of experiments or ________ within an experiment. - Answer- trials Science: a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on ___________ as its fundamental assumption, Empiricism as its primary rule, Experimentation as its basic strategy, Replication as a requirement for believability, Parsimony as a value, and ____________ doubt as its guiding conscience. - Answer- Determinism Philosophic 3 types of scientific understanding: _____________, Prediction and Control. (control is highest level). - Answer- Description Systematic _________________ and Descriptive Knowledge: (level of scientific understanding: DESCRIPTION). Systematic observation enhances t