EDF Exam 3 with complete solutions

Define autonomy as conceived by Ryan and Deci - Answer- Experience behavior as self-determined Describe the three types of autonomy proposed by Stefanou - Answer- Organization - decision-making role in terms of classroom management issues Procedural - offering students choices about the use of different media to present ideas Cognitive - affording opportunities for students to evaluate work from a self-referent standard Give examples of each type of autonomy - Answer- -Organization: ex: choosing assigned seats, picking due dates -Procedural: ex: students can choose how they want media to be presented (ppt, lecture, etc) -Cognitive: ex: have students justify their own answers or find their own solutions Identify the type of autonomy that is likely to result in better learning outcomes for students. Explain why. - Answer- Cognitive autonomy because it causes long lasting effects on engagement and motivation How does Stefanou use the "catch and hold" components of interest to explain the different types of effects that the three types of autonomy have on motivation and learning? - Answer- Catch activities represent the "bells and whistles" of instruction used to attract attention. - Hold activities represent instruction that engages students meaningfully in academic tasks. - The catch activities lead to a superficial level of motivation and the hold activities empower the students to achieve learning goals. - Organizational and procedural autonomy support, focusing, for instance, on choice of procedures and activities, representing a catch. - Cognitive autonomy support, focusing on empowering students to develop self-reliance in thinking, represents a hold. Describe Baumeister's theory of self-control. - Answer- self-control enables a person to restrain or override one response, thereby making a different response possible What are two ways that Baumeister's theory could be applied in the classroom to help students improve their self-control? - Answer- 1. Implementation intentions (if...then statements) 2. Social goals (wanting to help people; wanting to be good relationship partner) Describe Mischel's theory of self-control - Answer- teaching self-control through abstraction distraction What are two ways that Mischel's theory could be used in the classroom to help students improve their self-control? - Answer- 1. Distraction: teaching students to focus on other things so they aren't constantly focusing on what they want (think of marshmallow task and looking at the wall) 2. Abstraction: pretending the desirable object or activity is something else (pretending the marshmallow is a rock) What is constructivism? - Answer- Constructivist Learning Theory maintains that learning is not the result of teaching; rather, it's the result of what students do with the new information they are presented with. Students are active learners who construct their own knowledge, they are not passive recipients of new knowledge. Explain how knowledge about constructivism should affect the way teachers teach. - Answer- This affects how teachers teach because the most important factor to consider is student prior knowledge. It will either be a bridge to new learning or a barrier. According to Sewell, what is the one factor that is most likely to determine whether students learn new information that teachers present to them? - Answer- Student's knowledge bank (what they already know/prior knowledge) Why does Sewell think that one factor is so influential? - Answer- These misconceptions/wrong beliefs, more than other factors, determine whether students will learn the new information we present to them. What does Sewell suggest that teachers can do to help students overcome their misconceptions? - Answer- Teachers best address misconceptions by presenting information which conflicts with the student's wrong beliefs. Students are then forced to compare what they know with what has been presented to them and to either reconstruct their knowledge or reject the new information. Identify and define the two complementary processes that explain how humans learn, according to Piaget. - Answer- 1. Accommodation- the process of changing our understanding to fit new information. 2. Assimilation- the process of interpreting new information in terms of existing knowledge; assimilation often results in misconceptions that interfere with learning new information