NR 283 Exam 1 Concept Review. Download To Score A

NR 283 Exam 1 Concept Review. Download To Score A NR 283 Exam 1 Concept Review. CH 1: • Cellular Adaption: Changes made by a cell in response to adverse environmental change Vocabulary • Characteristics of Disease pg. 6 a. Pathogenesis: the manner of development of a disease b. Acute: short term illness the develops quickly c. Chronic: disease is often a milder condition developing gradually; persists for a long time & usually causes more permanent tissue damage d. Subclinical: pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations e. Latent: no clinical signs are evident; late signs/symptoms from the time of exposure f. Prodromal: time in the early development of disease when one is aware of the change in body, signs are nonspecific g. Manifestations: Clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms of disease; general indicators of a disease (ex: redness and swelling at site) h. Signs: objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual i. Symptoms: subjective feelings such as pain or nausea j. Lesion: term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue (ex: blister, pimple) k. Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ; occurs together in response to a certain condition l. Diagnostic tests: lab tests that assists in the diagnosis of a specific disease m. Remission: a period or condition in which the manifestations of the disease subside; either permanently or temporarily n. Exacerbation: worsening in the severity of the disease or in its signs/symptoms o. Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode (ex: seizure) p. Complication: are new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins (ex: following a cardiac arrest, known as heart attack, a person may develop congestive heart failure q. Therapy (Therapeutic interventions): treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease r. Sequelae: *book definition... potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke. *online definition... a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury. s. Convalescence (Rehabilitation): period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state • Disease Prognosis pg. 7 a. Prognosis: *book definition... probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes. *online definition... a forecast of the likely outcome of a situation b. Morbidity: the rate of disease in a population c. Mortality: the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease d. Autopsy (Postmortem examination): may be performed after death to determine the exact the exact cause of death, course of illness, or effectiveness of treatment e. Epidemiology: the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease f. Occurrence: how a disease is tracked by recording two factors, the incidence and the prevalence. Incidence: indicates the number of new cases in a given population within a time period. Prevalence: number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population and time period g. Epidemic: occurs when there is a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area h. Pandemic: occurs when there is a higher than expected number of cases in many regions of the globe i. Communicable: infections that can be spread from one person to another j. Notifiable (Reportable): disease that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities/ health authorities • Types of Necrosis pg. 9 Necrosis: refers to the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event (apoptosis). *Ways of injuring cells in the body: -Ischemia: lack of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ -Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in high oxygen demand areas= brain, heart, & kidneys a. Liquefaction necrosis: dead cell liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes (ex: death of brain tissue) b. Coagulative necrosis: cell proteins are altered/denatured (ex: myocardial infarction [heart attack] when lack of oxygen causes cell death) c. Fat necrosis: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes d. Caseous necrosis: a form of coagulation necrosis in which thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms (ex: Tuberculosis) e. Infarction: area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen f. Gangrene: refers to an area of necrotic tissue; usually associated with the lack or loss of blood supply followed by an invasion of bacteria. *Gangrene is irreversible; area will rot and fall off or must be surgically removed • Seven Steps to Health pg. 2 1. Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke 2. Eat 5-10 serving of veggies and fruit a day. Choose high fiber. Lower-fat foods. If you drink alcohol, limit intake to 1-2 drinks daily 3. Be physically active on a regular basis 4. Protect yourself & your family form the sun 5. Follow cancer screening guidelines 6. Visit your doctor/dentist yearly (recommended 2X/year) 7. Follow health & safety instructions at home/work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials CH 21: GENETICS • Congenital: refers to disorders present at birth • Teratogens: Agents that cause damage during embryonic/fetal development; types: reports do not point to single factor, but, can include  Large number of disorders are of this type  Often have pattern of familial inheritance  Environmental component • Genetic Diseases: Single-Gene Disorders Autosomal Dominant a. Huntington chorea: inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington's disease has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders. b. Marfan’s syndrome: inherited disorder that affects connective tissue, the fibers that support and anchor your organs and other structures in your body. Usually tall and thin with disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers and toes. Autosomal Recessive1.k, a. Cystic fibrosis: buildup of thick, sticky mucus that can damage many of the body's organs. The disorder's most common signs and symptoms include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems. X-Linked Dominant a. Fragile X syndrome: inherited developmental disability. A problem with a specific gene causes the disease. Normally, the gene makes a protein you need for brain development. But the problem causes a person to make little or none of the protein. X-Linked Recessive a. Color blindness: genetic condition caused by a difference in how one or more of the light-sensitive cells found in the retina of the eye respond to certain colors b. Hemophilia A: caused by deficiency of functional plasma clotting factor VIII c. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin. Dystrophin is important to maintain the muscle fiber's cell membrane. Symptoms: muscle weakness (pelvis & thighs) of males Chromosomal a. Down syndrome (Trisomy): a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities; affected person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46 b. Turner’s syndrome (monosomy X): when one normal X chromosome is present in a female's cells and the other sex chromosome is missing or structurally altered. affects development in females; short in stature, loss of ovarian function c. Klinefelter syndrome (polysomy X): is the set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary features are infertility and small testicles.