NR-283 Pathophysiology_ Chapter 8- Skin 100% Correct

NR-283 Pathophysiology_ Chapter 8- Skin 100% Correct Macule Common Skin Lesion Flat, circumscribed Nodule Type of skin lesion Firm, Raised, deep Papule Type of skin lesion small, solid elevation Pustule Type of skin lesion Raised, Head filled with exudate or pus Vesicle or Blister Type of skin lesion Thin wall, raised, fluid filled Plaque Type of skin lesion Slightly elevated, scale-like lesion Ulcer Type of skin lesion Cavity in tissue Fissure Type of skin lesion Crack in tissue Pruritus (Itching) Associated with: Allergic Responses, chemical irritation caused by insect bites, infestations by parasites Release histamine in a hypersensitivity response causes marked pruritus Inflammatory Disorders (CUPPAS) Contact Dermatitis Urticaria (Hives) Psoriasis Pemphigus Atopic Dermatitis Scleroderma Contact Dermatitis Type of Inflammatory Disorder Risk Factors: Exposure to Allergen, to metals, cosmetics, soaps, chemicals and plants. Direct Chemical or mechanical irritation of the skin Etiology: Sensitization (1st exposure)== Manifestations (few hours after allergen exposure) Direct chemical response causes an inflammation response Clinical Manifestation: Lesions on the hand and ankle, redskin, Edematous , painful Complication: Scaly skin, chronic itching and infection Urticaria (Hives) Type of Inflammatory Disorder Risk Factors: Psoriasis Type of Inflammatory Disorder Risk Factors: Genetic, Stress, Obesity, Smoking Etiology: T- cells activate abnormally== cytokines concentration in the tissue that are affected== rapid increase of keratinocytes Clinical Manifestations: Thick Dermis and epidermis, generalized erythema, pain, itching Complications: Folate Deficiency, Difficulty to control Body temperature, Depression Pemphigus Risk Factors: Auto-immune Etiology: The autoantibodies prevent the epidermal cells to stick together. Sometimes, total separation of the epidermis from the basal layer can be observed Clinical Manifestations: • Blisters are seen in the mucosa of the oral region or the scalp but are then spread on over the face and the trunk Complications: Infection of your skin. Infection that spreads to your bloodstream (sepsis) Gum disease and tooth loss, if you have blisters in your mouth. Medication side effects, such as high blood pressure and infection. Death from infection. Atopic Dermatitis Risk Factors: Infants, Genetic, Chronic Inflammation Etiology: Increased in IgE levels Clinical manifestation: • Moist and red pruritic lesions, • Vescicular pruritic lesions and cover with crusts In adults, dry thick and scaling skin appearance Complications: Secondary Infections Scleroderma Risk Factors: Genetic and Environmental Etiology: Unknown cause Clinical Manifestations: Narrowed fingertips, Shortened fingertips, loss of facial expression, impaired mobility of mouth, renal failure, intestinal obstruction Complications: Increase the chance of individual to develop ulceration and atrophy in the fingers Skin Infection- Bacterial (FALFICC) Folliculitis Acute necrotizing Fasciitis Leprosy Furuncles Impetigo Carbuncles Cellulitis Folliculitis Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis Risk Factors: History of minor trauma or infection in the skin Etiology: Lack of blood supply to the tissues leads to a very rapid tissue invasion Gram positive, beta-hemolytic Streptococus, Group A Clinical Manifestations: Severe inflammation Tissue necrosis, Inflamed infected area and very painful Complications: Rapid progression of the infection Leprosy Risk Factors: Furuncles Risk Factors: Close contact with a person who has a staph infection, Diabetes, Other skin conditions, Compromised immunity Etiology: Caused by S. aureus infection Start in the hair follicle then makes its way in the dermis in the surrounding Clinical Manifestations: • Starts as a firm and red lesion, painful nodule== gets larger, mass (painful)= Abscess Large amount of pus can be drained from the mass Complications: • Auto-inoculation== spread of infection when the boil is squeezed Spread to the brain if the furuncles is compressed in the area of the nose Impetigo Risk Factors: Infant and wrestlers Etiology: S. aureus A beta-hemolytic streptococci (in older children) Spread by close physical contact Clinical Manifestations: Lesions on the face Small vesicles== yellowish-brown crusty masses Red and moist lesions Complications: Further spread infection by scratching Cellulitis Risk Factors: Immunocompromised individual Etiology: Caused by the infection of staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Clinical Manifestations: Occurs after an injury Visible in the lower extremities and lower trunk Complications: Blood Infections, endocarditis, gangrene, osteomyelitis Carbuncles Risk Factors: Viral Infections (H&V) Herpes (type I and II) Verrucae (Warts) Herpes Risk Factors: Contact with fluid from infected individual Etiology: Asymptomatic primary infection Virus remain in latent stage Spread by direct contact with fluid from the lesion Clinical Manifestations: Type 2- Oral and genital lesions Burning and tingling sensation along the nerve Painful vesicles Complications: Recurrence by infection such as the common cold Recurrence by sun exposure or by stress Verrucae (Warts)- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Risk Factors: Etiology: When an infected individuals' skin surface sheds, skin-to- skin contact Clinical Manifestations: Plantar wart that relatively harmless Genital warts Wart maybe painful if pressure is applied to it Complications: Recurrence spontaneously even a year after treatment Fungal Infections (5T's) Tinea Capitis Tinea Carporis Tinea Cruris Tinea Pedis Tinea Unguium Tinea Risk Factors: Swimmers Etiology: Caused by microsporum canis or Trychpyton tonsurans Clinical Manifestations: Present on the scalp Circular batch area Apparent scaling Complications: Infection from bacteria More inflammation Other Infections (CPS) Scabies Pediculosis (Lice) Candidiasis Candidiasis Risk Factors Pediculosis Risk Factors: Young age Etiology: Female lice lays egg== Louse sucks blood from human to survive Clinical manifestations: Macule, itchy scalp, small red bumps on the head, presence of lice on the scalp Complications: Infection Scabies Risk Factors: Elderly, disabled, debilitated person Etiology: Sarcoptes scabiei A female mite lays eggs in the epidermis for several weeks When the larvae emerge, they begin searching for food Clinical Manifestations: Tiny, light-brown lines, erythema, night itching, Rash, Sores Complications: Secondary infections such as impetigo Skin Tumor- Benign Tumor(S&A) Seborrheic Keratosis Actinic Keratosis Seborrheic Keratosis Risk Factors: Parkinson's disease Depression Weakened immune system Etiology: Rapid increase of basil cells== oval elevation Clinical Manifestations: Found on the face Found on the upper trunk Scaly lesions Pigmented lesions Complications: Skin irritation, psychological distress, chronic seborrheic keratosis Actinic Keratosis Risk Factors: UV light exposure Fair skin Deletion of Ozone layer Etiology: the sun damage to the skin is cumulative Cancer (SMaK) Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Kaposi Sarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma Risk Factors: Too much time in the sun Etiology: Invasive type comes from leukoplakia which are premalignant Clinical Manifestations: Painless Malignant tumor in the area of the epidermis Lesions Complications : Metastasis Could spread to lymph node Malignant Melanoma Risk Factors: Genetic Exposure to UV radiation Influence of hormones Etiology: Comes from melanocytes Clinical Manifestations: Change in color, size, shape or texture of moles Appears to be many colors, Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving Complications: Reoccurrence , Higher risk for developing new melanoma or other skin cancer. Kaposi Sarcoma Risk Factors: Older man Immunosuppressed patients Etiology: Malignant cells come from the endothelium in the small blood vessels infection with a virus called the Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (HHV8) Clinical Manifestations: Skin lesions== Large lesions (irregular in shape) can be flat and not raised above the surrounding skin flat but slightly raised or bumps Complications: Cough (possibly bloody) and shortness of breath if the disease is in the lungs. Leg swelling that may be painful or cause infections if the disease is in the lymph nodes of the legs.