Structure & Function of the Body Ed 16 Patton Ch 1 2023 with complete solution

anatomy the study of an organism and the relationships of its parts; derived from two word parts that mean "cutting apart"; dissection dissection process of cutting the human body apart for learning physiology the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts scientific method systematic approach to discovery; 1) propose hypothesis - idea or principle to be tested 2) experimentation - series of tests of a hypothesis (a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences) 3) theory or law - a hypothesis that has been supported by experiments and thus shown to have a high degree of confidence experimental controls used to ensure that the test situation is not affecting the results test group The experimental group that is exposed to the variable in an experiment. control group the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. theory or law a hypothesis that has gained a high level of confidence levels of organization chemical level , organelle level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level chemical level atoms and molecules cells smallest "living" units of structure and function; organizations of various chemicals tissues an organization of many cells that act together to perform a common function organs a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged in ways that allow them to act as a unit to perform a special function systems an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs that can work together to perform complex functions for the body organism organization of all systems together, forming a whole body microbiome set of interacting communities of bacteria and other microorganisms that inhabit the human body; influences normal body funtion structure fits function anatomical parts have structures exactly suited to perform specific functions anatomical position To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward; head also points forward, as do the feet, which are aligned at the toe and set slightly apart bilateral symmetry the left and right sides of the body roughly mirror each other supine body is lying face upward prone body is lying face downward superior toward the head; upper, above inferior toward the feet; lower, below anterior front; in front of; ventral posterior back; in back of; dorsal medial toward the midline of the body lateral toward the side of the body or away from its midline proximal toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts distal away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part superficial nearer the surface deep farther away from the body surface sagittal plane a sagittal cut or sections runs along a lengthwise plane running from front to back. it divides the body or any of its parts into left and right sides midsagittal plane divides the body into two equal halves vertically frontal (coronal) plane lengthwise plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions transverse plane horizontal or crosswise plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions oblique plane a cut along a plane that is not parallel to the other planes; slanted body cavities made up of open spaces or cavities that often contain well-ordered arrangements of internal organs dorsal body cavities cranial and spinal ventral body cavities thoracic, pleural, mediastinum, diaphragm, abdominal, abdominopelvic, pelvic cranial cavity space inside the skull that contains the braine spinal cavity space inside the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord thoracic cavity subdivided into mediastinum and right and left pleural cavities abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity abdominopelvic quadrants right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant upper abdominopelvic regions right and left hypochondriac regions and the epigastric region middle abdominopelvic regions The right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region. lower abdominopelvic regions Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions and hypogastric region (pubic) thoracic cavity (mediastinum) trachea, heart, blood vessels thoracic cavity (pleural cavities) lungs abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal) liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of large intestine abdominopelvic cavity (pelvic) lower (sigmoid) colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs abdominal region anterior torso below diaphragm antebrachial region forearm axillary region armpit brachial region arm buccal region cheek carpal region wrist cephalic region head cervical region neck cranial region head crural region leg cubital elbow cutaneous region skin or body surface digital region fingers or toes dorsal region back facial region face femoral region thigh frontal region forehead gluteal region buttock inguinal region groin lumbar region lower back between ribs and pelvis mammary regions breasts nasal region nose occipital region back of lower skull olecranal region back of elbow oral region mouth orbital or ophthalmic region eyes palmar region palm of hand pedal region foot pelvic region lower portion of torso perineal region Area (perineum) between anus and genitals plantar region sole of foot popliteal region area behind the knee supraclavical region area above the clavicle tarsal region ankle temporal region side of skull thoracic region chest umbilical region area around navel or umbilicus volar region palm or sole zygomatic region upper cheek axial head, neck, torso appendicular upper and lower extremities homeostasis relative constancy of the internal environment; maintaining relatively constant conditions within the body feedback loop highly complex and integrated communication control system negative feedback loop oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition positive feedback loop a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified