Biology 121 Final Exam Review Guide 100%
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Organelle
"Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions
Endoplasmic reticulum
Breaks down harmful substance, modifies proteins, transports goods and materials
throughout the cell
Golgi body, golgi apparatus, or golgi complex (all the same thing)
"Post office" ships and receives things in and out of the cell
Cell Wall
Gives support and protection to cell; only in plant cells
Cell Membrane
"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; semi-permeable or
selectively permeable
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only
Mitochondria
"Powerhouse" In both plant and animal cells; takes sugar and turns it into energy (ATP)
Nucleus
"Control center" In both plant and animal cells; controls cellular functions: the brain
DNA lives here
Large Central vacuole
Plant cells have large one to store water and food
Ribosomes
Synthesizes (makes) protein
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in
Nuclear Membrane
Membrane which surrounds and protects the nucleus
Chromosomes
Structures found in the nucleus, contains DNA
Nucleolus
found inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes
Lysosomes
"Clean up crew" digest worn out organelles and cleans up cellular waste
Vacuoles
storage place for water and nutrients; found in animal cells
Centrioles
Help cells divide during mitosis; move to poles during prophase
What are the principle steps of the scientific method?
a. Observation - identification of the problem
b. Hypothesis - educated guess, based on the preliminary date
,c. Experimental design to prove the hypothesis
d. Discussion based on the experimental data collected
e. Conclusion
What are the three forms of matter?
solid, liquid, and gas
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical
bonds
What are three types of chemical bonds?
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
ionic bond (moderate)
Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other
covalent bond (strongest)
Two atoms sharing electrons
hydrogen bond (weak)
Forms between oppositely charged portions of covalent bonded hydrogen atoms
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar?
Polar is hydrophilic (water)
and
Nonpolar is hydrophobic (butter)
Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Describe a compound
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are
chemically bonded together.
example : Pure water is a compound made from two elements - hydrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is always 2:1.
Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Describe a molecule
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the
chemical properties of that element or compound.
Molecules are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These
bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms.
Polar molecules
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges
, What is the importance of various types of chemical bonds?
Chemical reactions are so important because not only do they change the property of
the substances that go into the reaction, they also store or release energy.
Why is it importance to maintain a specific pH?
To survive, our bodies must maintain the pH very close to 7.4, which is just on the
alkaline side of neutral. If your body's pH varies too much from this ideal, it becomes
difficult for various enzymes to function properly.
What role do buffers play?
they offer protection from extreme pH levels by donating or removing H+ ions as
necessary
organic compound
a covalent bonded compound that contains carbon
inorganic compound
Compounds that do not contain carbon
What are four examples of organic compounds?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are four examples of inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning include:
water, salts, acids, and bases
These compounds are inorganic; that is, they do not contain both hydrogen and carbon.
Methyl group (-CH3)
In an organic molecule, a carbon bonded to three hydrogen.
(fats, oil)
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
is the entity with the formula OH. It contains oxygen bonded to hydrogen. In organic
chemistry, alcohol and carboxylic acids contain hydroxyl groups. The anion [OH−],
called hydroxide, consists of a hydroxyl group.
(sugars and alcohol)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
A carbon atom joined to a hydroxyl group by a single bond and to an oxygen atom by a
double bond.
(fats, amino acids)
Amino group (-NH2)
In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two
hydrogen atoms.
(amino acids, proteins)
Phosphate group (P)
A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms;
important in energy transfer.
Verified
Organelle
"Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions
Endoplasmic reticulum
Breaks down harmful substance, modifies proteins, transports goods and materials
throughout the cell
Golgi body, golgi apparatus, or golgi complex (all the same thing)
"Post office" ships and receives things in and out of the cell
Cell Wall
Gives support and protection to cell; only in plant cells
Cell Membrane
"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; semi-permeable or
selectively permeable
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only
Mitochondria
"Powerhouse" In both plant and animal cells; takes sugar and turns it into energy (ATP)
Nucleus
"Control center" In both plant and animal cells; controls cellular functions: the brain
DNA lives here
Large Central vacuole
Plant cells have large one to store water and food
Ribosomes
Synthesizes (makes) protein
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in
Nuclear Membrane
Membrane which surrounds and protects the nucleus
Chromosomes
Structures found in the nucleus, contains DNA
Nucleolus
found inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes
Lysosomes
"Clean up crew" digest worn out organelles and cleans up cellular waste
Vacuoles
storage place for water and nutrients; found in animal cells
Centrioles
Help cells divide during mitosis; move to poles during prophase
What are the principle steps of the scientific method?
a. Observation - identification of the problem
b. Hypothesis - educated guess, based on the preliminary date
,c. Experimental design to prove the hypothesis
d. Discussion based on the experimental data collected
e. Conclusion
What are the three forms of matter?
solid, liquid, and gas
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical
bonds
What are three types of chemical bonds?
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
ionic bond (moderate)
Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other
covalent bond (strongest)
Two atoms sharing electrons
hydrogen bond (weak)
Forms between oppositely charged portions of covalent bonded hydrogen atoms
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar?
Polar is hydrophilic (water)
and
Nonpolar is hydrophobic (butter)
Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
Describe a compound
A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are
chemically bonded together.
example : Pure water is a compound made from two elements - hydrogen and oxygen.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is always 2:1.
Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Describe a molecule
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the
chemical properties of that element or compound.
Molecules are made up of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. These
bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons among atoms.
Polar molecules
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges
, What is the importance of various types of chemical bonds?
Chemical reactions are so important because not only do they change the property of
the substances that go into the reaction, they also store or release energy.
Why is it importance to maintain a specific pH?
To survive, our bodies must maintain the pH very close to 7.4, which is just on the
alkaline side of neutral. If your body's pH varies too much from this ideal, it becomes
difficult for various enzymes to function properly.
What role do buffers play?
they offer protection from extreme pH levels by donating or removing H+ ions as
necessary
organic compound
a covalent bonded compound that contains carbon
inorganic compound
Compounds that do not contain carbon
What are four examples of organic compounds?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are four examples of inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning include:
water, salts, acids, and bases
These compounds are inorganic; that is, they do not contain both hydrogen and carbon.
Methyl group (-CH3)
In an organic molecule, a carbon bonded to three hydrogen.
(fats, oil)
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
is the entity with the formula OH. It contains oxygen bonded to hydrogen. In organic
chemistry, alcohol and carboxylic acids contain hydroxyl groups. The anion [OH−],
called hydroxide, consists of a hydroxyl group.
(sugars and alcohol)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
A carbon atom joined to a hydroxyl group by a single bond and to an oxygen atom by a
double bond.
(fats, amino acids)
Amino group (-NH2)
In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two
hydrogen atoms.
(amino acids, proteins)
Phosphate group (P)
A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms;
important in energy transfer.
