C784 Statistics FULL COURSE REVIEW|2023 LATEST UPDATE|GUARANTEED SUCCESS

Lurking Variable Associated with the explanatory and the response variables that is not directly being studied. Simpson's Paradox Occurs when a trend or result that appears in groups of data disappears when we combine the data. Regression Analysis A process for estimating and analyzing the relationship between variables. Least-Squares Regression Line AKA the line of best fit. y = mx + b "rise over run" Interpolation Using existing data along with the Least-Squares Regression Line to make a prediction. Extrapolation Estimation by projecting OUTSIDE known data points. p-value the probability that a result occurred by chance Significance Levels in Hypothesis Testing Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is less than the significance level. NOT Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is MORE than the significance level. Empirical Rule 68 - 95 - 99.7 68% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean 95% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean 99.7% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean Used for Categorical (Qual) Data Bar Chart Pie Chart Mean Average - adding series then dividing by the total number in that series Center & Spread Measures SYMMETRIC - Mean (center) / Standard Deviation (spread) SKEWED - Median (center) / IQR (spread) CATEGORICAL - Mode (center) / no spread What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? BAR CHART - Categorical data distributed over groups of categories HISTOGRAM - Quantitative data distributed over various intervals Outlier Formula 1.5 x IQR above Q3 or below Q1 Graphical Displays for Quantitative Variables HISTOGR