IB Global Politics Paper 2 Exam Questions and Answers

Realism - Answer- Attempts to explain the world as it is in reality - rather than describing the world as we would like it to be. This means that realism can sometimes be seen as ignoring the moral or ethical implications of a particular event such as a territorial conflict. Liberalism - Answer- Focuses on the way in which we live in a world characterised by interdependence between states, see us as living in an era characterised by great change occurring at a rapid pace. Just War Theory - Answer- Describes when it is okay to wage war 1. Just cause 2. Injustice suffered by one party must be worse than the other 3. Only duly constituted public authorities may wage war 4. Right intention (not for material gain) 5. Probability of success 6. Last resort 7. Proportionality Galtung's Conflict Triangle - Answer- Describes how underlying conflicts contribute to violence - Behaviors, attitudes, and contradictions - Conflict and violence Inter-state conflict - Answer- conflict between two or more actors Intra-state conflict - Answer- conflict within one actor Ideological conflict - Answer- a disagreement caused by differing beliefs Insurgency - Answer- a revolt or uprising Terrorism - Answer- the unlawful use of violence/intimidation for political gains Structural violence - Answer- the use of a social structure to harm people Nuclear proliferation - Answer- the spread of nuclear weapons Nuclear deterrence - Answer- the use of nuclear weapons to deter attacks Collective security - Answer- the cooperation of multiple actors to strengthen each actor's security Jus ad bellum - Answer- law which justifies the transition from peace to armed force Jus in bello - Answer- law which governs the way warfare is conducted Positive peace - Answer- the complete restoration of political relationships and the creation of lasting social systems Negative peace - Answer- the absence of violence Equity - Answer- the quality of being fair and just Harmony - Answer- the quality of living peacefully and without fighting Power sharing - Answer- a system of governance where power is shared between different groups Uni/bi/multi-polarity - Answer- systems where one, two, or multiple states control the economic, military, and social spheres Peacemaking - Answer- stopping violent conflict, creating negative peace, stabilization Peacekeeping - Answer- the act of maintaining a truce between nations or groups Peacebuilding - Answer- the act of implementing measures in order to create peace Truth and reconciliation commissions - Answer- A commission which reveals the past wrongdoings of actors in order to resolve conflict Intergovernmental organizations - Answer- an organization composed of multiple sovereign states The United Nations - Answer- IGO that aims to maintain peace and security internationally World Trade Organization - Answer- IGO concerned with trade between nations International Monetary Fund - Answer- IGO working to increase global monetary cooperation The World Bank - Answer- organization that provides grants and loans to countries that are low and middle income Customary international law - Answer- international obligations from established international practices organizations independent of the government - Answer- nongovernmental organizations Global governance - Answer- governance across multiple countries/actors International law - Answer- system of treaties and agreements created between nations International relations - Answer- diplomatic relations and security between multiple international actors foreign policy - Answer- policy in relation to other states State - Answer- a nation or territory with one government Hard power - Answer- an approach to international relations that involves the use of military power Soft power - Answer- an approach to international relations that involves the use of economic or cultural influence Smart/strategic power - Answer- the combination of soft and hard power State sovereignty - Answer- the idea of a state being in total control of its people and property. If a state has state sovereignty another state cannot control it. Internal sovereignty - Answer- refers to the internal affairs of a state's government External sovereignty - Answer- refers to the connection between a sovereign state and other states Federal states - Answer- a state containing multiple self-governing territories Unitary states - Answer- a type of government where a state is governed as a single territory Authoritarian states - Answer- states that lack civil liberties Fragile states - Answer- states that are weak economically or politically Monarchy - Answer- a type of government with a monarch Theocracy - Answer- a type of government that believes a deity is their supreme ruler Dictatorship - Answer- a type of government with a single leader/group of leaders with a lack of toleration for beliefs different from theirs. Hegemonic Stability Theory - Answer- indicates that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single nation-state is the dominant world power Analyze - Answer- Break down in order to bring out the essential elements or structure. Compare - Answer- Give an account of the similarities between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout. Compare and contrast - Answer- Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout. Contrast - Answer- Give an account of the differences between two (or more) Define - Answer- Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase, concept or physical quantity. Describe - Answer- Give a detailed account. Discuss - Answer- Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence. Distinguish - Answer- Make clear the differences between two or more concepts or items. Evaluate - Answer- Make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations. Examine - Answer- Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue. Explain - Answer- Give a detailed account including reasons or causes. Identify - Answer- Provide an answer from a list of possibilities. Justify - Answer- Give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion. Outline - Answer- Give a brief account or summary. Suggest - Answer- Propose a solution, hypothesis or possible answer.