Literatuur Youth & sexuality
Artikel 1: Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey Report: Historical
overview and lasting contributions.
SEX RESEARCH, 1890 1940
Most physicians writing about sex were influenced more by the zeitgeist of the time rather than by
any specialized base of knowledge. Sex activity could not be studied exclusively in the laboratory or
even in the field by observing animals or gathering historical data. The qualified individual or
individuals needed an academic connection, preferably one with an established reputation for
scientific studies.
KINSEY COMES ON THE SCENE
Kinsey went even further in his discussion of sexuality than the sex-positive marriage manual. He had
approached sex as a taxonomist as one interested in classifying and describing as a dispassionate
scientist and not as a reformer or politician.
WHAT KINSEY DID
Kinsey's major accomplishment was to challenge most of the assumptions about sexual activity in the
United States. In so doing, he aroused great antagonism among many who opposed making sexual
issues a matter of public discussion and debate. One reason for the antagonism is that he brought to
public notice many sexual practices that previously had not been publicly discussed. Kinsey was a
trailblazer, openly and willingly challenging many basic societal beliefs.
- Kinsey was interested in many different sexual behaviors, including that between generation.
- Kinsey is criticized for his statistical sampling.
- Another assumption of American society that Kinsey also challenged was the asexuality of
women.
- Another of his significant contributions was to establish a library and to gather sources about
sexuality from all over the world.
Kinsey was the major factor in changing attitudes about sex in the twentieth century. He changed the
nature of sexual studies, forced a reexamination of public attitudes toward sex, challenged the
medical and psychiatric establishment to reassess its own views, influenced both the feminist
movement and the gay and lesbian movement, and built a library and an institution devoted to sex
research.
,Artikel 2: In pursuit of pleasure: A biopsychosocial
perspective on sexual pleasure and gender.
Introduction
Sexual pleasure, defined as “the physical and/or psychological satisfaction and enjoyment derived
from shared or solitary erotic experiences, including thoughts, fantasies, dreams, emotions, and
feelings,” as the cornerstone of sexual health.
Mitchell et al. (2021): sexual wellbeing, an over-arching construct that incorporates sexual pleasure,
sexual justice, and sexual health, demands recognition as an independent public health out-come in
its own right, as sexual wellbeing con-tributes importantly to overall wellbeing.
For men, sexual activity is almost invariably associated with sexual pleasure, such that sexual pleasure
does not further contribute to the association between health and engagement in sexual activity as it
does in heterosexual women.
Current gender differences in experienced sexual pleasures and displeasures
Sex as experienced by women appears to be substantially less positive and may come at a greater
cost than the sex that men experience.
Men of all sexual orientations were more likely to orgasm than women. Incorporating oral sex along
with other sexual activities during a sexual encounter was of particular importance for more frequent
orgasms in women.
The prevalence of pain or discomfort during penile-vaginal intercourse is high among women. almost
one-third of women report having experienced some form of sexual violence by their intimate
partners.
Aims: This paper reviews biopsychosocial evidence for gender differences and similarities in (1) the
capacity to experience sexual pleasure and (2) opportunities to experience sexual pleasure, including
societal pressures which facilitate or penalize the attainment and expression of sexual pleasure.
By the time they are ready to engage in sex with another person, boys may be equipped with greater
knowledge than girls about what type of genital stimulation is pleasurable to them, because of
masturbation. Women do respond to visual sexual stimuli with genital sexual arousal.
If sexual desire is seen as emerging from rather than preceding “incentivized” sexual arousal, as
incentive motivation theory posits, gender differences in reported feelings of desire may be the result
of differences in incentive, or sexual context, quality rather than reflective of innate differences.
A growing body of research demonstrates that gender differences in sexual behavior can partially be
explained by social-contextual factors, including stigma and safety. Women and men do not seem to
differ in their biological or psychological capacity for sexual pleasure.
Opportunities for sexual pleasure
when hetero-sexual women expect more opportunities for sexual pleasure based on earlier
experiences or when they prioritize their own sexual pleasure, they are more likely to desire sexual
activity.
, Other gendered practices and scripts
1. 200 million women have undergone some type of genital mutilation globally.
2. Disregard of the clitoris as women’s pleasure organ likely reduces women’s likelihood of
experiencing sexual pleasure.
3. slut shaming is a form of cultural sup-pression of women’s sexuality that has been practiced
since antiquity
4. exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for
women
5. girls are encouraged through media and cultural representations to be “sexy,” but at the
same time they are punished if they are actively “sexual” because by showing agency they
defy cultural expectations for women’s sexuality.
Artikel 3: Offline and Online Sexual Risk Behavior
among Youth in the Netherlands: Findings from “Sex
under the Age of 25”.
The main goal of this study was to describe sexual risk behavior, offline (behaviors related to STI/HIV
and unintended pregnancy) as well as online (sexting and meeting partners online). A second goal
was to explore whether these behaviors are actually related to negative (health) outcomes, i.e.,
STI/HIV, unplanned pregnancy, and non-consensual sex.
Findings
participants who had not consistently used contraceptives with their most recent partner were
almost five times more likely to ever have experienced an unplanned pregnancy than participants
who had.
Within romantic relationships, the risk of STI and HIV might be perceived to be lower, because both
partners trust each other and have possibly discussed their sexual histories.
The fact that the use of other contraceptives than condoms (i.e., the contraceptive pill or IUD) is high
in the Netherlands, might be related to the low prevalence of condom use and, thus, have an adverse
effect on the prevention of STI and HIV.
sexting does not necessarily have negative consequences, and most young people do not engage in
online risk behavior
boys show more often their genitals or sexual behaviors during a videochat, and they also more often
experience that these images are shared. Similar to sexting, online dating is also more prevalent
among emerging adults.
Artikel 1: Alfred Kinsey and the Kinsey Report: Historical
overview and lasting contributions.
SEX RESEARCH, 1890 1940
Most physicians writing about sex were influenced more by the zeitgeist of the time rather than by
any specialized base of knowledge. Sex activity could not be studied exclusively in the laboratory or
even in the field by observing animals or gathering historical data. The qualified individual or
individuals needed an academic connection, preferably one with an established reputation for
scientific studies.
KINSEY COMES ON THE SCENE
Kinsey went even further in his discussion of sexuality than the sex-positive marriage manual. He had
approached sex as a taxonomist as one interested in classifying and describing as a dispassionate
scientist and not as a reformer or politician.
WHAT KINSEY DID
Kinsey's major accomplishment was to challenge most of the assumptions about sexual activity in the
United States. In so doing, he aroused great antagonism among many who opposed making sexual
issues a matter of public discussion and debate. One reason for the antagonism is that he brought to
public notice many sexual practices that previously had not been publicly discussed. Kinsey was a
trailblazer, openly and willingly challenging many basic societal beliefs.
- Kinsey was interested in many different sexual behaviors, including that between generation.
- Kinsey is criticized for his statistical sampling.
- Another assumption of American society that Kinsey also challenged was the asexuality of
women.
- Another of his significant contributions was to establish a library and to gather sources about
sexuality from all over the world.
Kinsey was the major factor in changing attitudes about sex in the twentieth century. He changed the
nature of sexual studies, forced a reexamination of public attitudes toward sex, challenged the
medical and psychiatric establishment to reassess its own views, influenced both the feminist
movement and the gay and lesbian movement, and built a library and an institution devoted to sex
research.
,Artikel 2: In pursuit of pleasure: A biopsychosocial
perspective on sexual pleasure and gender.
Introduction
Sexual pleasure, defined as “the physical and/or psychological satisfaction and enjoyment derived
from shared or solitary erotic experiences, including thoughts, fantasies, dreams, emotions, and
feelings,” as the cornerstone of sexual health.
Mitchell et al. (2021): sexual wellbeing, an over-arching construct that incorporates sexual pleasure,
sexual justice, and sexual health, demands recognition as an independent public health out-come in
its own right, as sexual wellbeing con-tributes importantly to overall wellbeing.
For men, sexual activity is almost invariably associated with sexual pleasure, such that sexual pleasure
does not further contribute to the association between health and engagement in sexual activity as it
does in heterosexual women.
Current gender differences in experienced sexual pleasures and displeasures
Sex as experienced by women appears to be substantially less positive and may come at a greater
cost than the sex that men experience.
Men of all sexual orientations were more likely to orgasm than women. Incorporating oral sex along
with other sexual activities during a sexual encounter was of particular importance for more frequent
orgasms in women.
The prevalence of pain or discomfort during penile-vaginal intercourse is high among women. almost
one-third of women report having experienced some form of sexual violence by their intimate
partners.
Aims: This paper reviews biopsychosocial evidence for gender differences and similarities in (1) the
capacity to experience sexual pleasure and (2) opportunities to experience sexual pleasure, including
societal pressures which facilitate or penalize the attainment and expression of sexual pleasure.
By the time they are ready to engage in sex with another person, boys may be equipped with greater
knowledge than girls about what type of genital stimulation is pleasurable to them, because of
masturbation. Women do respond to visual sexual stimuli with genital sexual arousal.
If sexual desire is seen as emerging from rather than preceding “incentivized” sexual arousal, as
incentive motivation theory posits, gender differences in reported feelings of desire may be the result
of differences in incentive, or sexual context, quality rather than reflective of innate differences.
A growing body of research demonstrates that gender differences in sexual behavior can partially be
explained by social-contextual factors, including stigma and safety. Women and men do not seem to
differ in their biological or psychological capacity for sexual pleasure.
Opportunities for sexual pleasure
when hetero-sexual women expect more opportunities for sexual pleasure based on earlier
experiences or when they prioritize their own sexual pleasure, they are more likely to desire sexual
activity.
, Other gendered practices and scripts
1. 200 million women have undergone some type of genital mutilation globally.
2. Disregard of the clitoris as women’s pleasure organ likely reduces women’s likelihood of
experiencing sexual pleasure.
3. slut shaming is a form of cultural sup-pression of women’s sexuality that has been practiced
since antiquity
4. exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for
women
5. girls are encouraged through media and cultural representations to be “sexy,” but at the
same time they are punished if they are actively “sexual” because by showing agency they
defy cultural expectations for women’s sexuality.
Artikel 3: Offline and Online Sexual Risk Behavior
among Youth in the Netherlands: Findings from “Sex
under the Age of 25”.
The main goal of this study was to describe sexual risk behavior, offline (behaviors related to STI/HIV
and unintended pregnancy) as well as online (sexting and meeting partners online). A second goal
was to explore whether these behaviors are actually related to negative (health) outcomes, i.e.,
STI/HIV, unplanned pregnancy, and non-consensual sex.
Findings
participants who had not consistently used contraceptives with their most recent partner were
almost five times more likely to ever have experienced an unplanned pregnancy than participants
who had.
Within romantic relationships, the risk of STI and HIV might be perceived to be lower, because both
partners trust each other and have possibly discussed their sexual histories.
The fact that the use of other contraceptives than condoms (i.e., the contraceptive pill or IUD) is high
in the Netherlands, might be related to the low prevalence of condom use and, thus, have an adverse
effect on the prevention of STI and HIV.
sexting does not necessarily have negative consequences, and most young people do not engage in
online risk behavior
boys show more often their genitals or sexual behaviors during a videochat, and they also more often
experience that these images are shared. Similar to sexting, online dating is also more prevalent
among emerging adults.
