HASHBROWNS chroming). They should never contain Glacial Acetic
Acid because it destroys the mitochondria and Golgi
1. Double embedding: Infiltrated with CELLOIDIN then bodies.
embedded with PARAFFIN. 24. Manual paraffin wax infiltration and embedding:
2. Flotation waterbath: 45 to 50 C At least four (4) changes of wax are required at 15
3. To remove formalin pigments: Picric acid minutes interval to ensure complete removal of the
4. To remove mercurial deposits: Iodine clearing agent from tissue. The specimen is then
5. Explosive when dry: Picric acid immersed in another fresh solution of melted
6. Function of alum in hematoxylin: Mordant paraffin for approximately 3 hours to ensure
7. Primary importance of Frozen Sections: RAPID complete embedding or casting of tissue.
DIAGNOSIS 25. Cambridge/Rocking microtome: invented by
8. Enzyme histochemistry: Frozen section Paldwell Treffall.
9. Second best choice for routine cytologic 26. Bond between Best carmine and glycogen:
examination after Papanicolau: Phase contrast Coulombic attraction/electrostatic bonds, hydrogen
microscopy bonds
10. NOT SUITABLE for kidney structures: Bouin's 27. Routine H and E: Regressive staining, it
11. Cell death due to ischemia (loss of blood involves a differentiation step
supply) is known as infarction, and is manifested by 28. Stains for the glomerular basement membrane:
caharacteristic histologic appearance: COAGULATION PAS, Azocarmine stain
NECROSIS 29. Postmortem clotting: immediately after death,
12. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea: rubbery consistency
Clostridium difficile 30. Antemortem thrombi: friable, characterized by
13. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most frequently fibrin precipitation
recovered Corynebacterium species from human 31. Leadership: DIRECTING
clinical material. It is part of the normal skin 32. COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE: cryoprecipitate
microbiota. (fibrinogen) and topical thrombin
14. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients: Candida 33. Donor deferral, measles (rubeola) vaccination: 2
albicans. weeks
15. Doublewalled, wrinkled cyst form: Acanthamoeba 34. Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella)
castellanii vaccination: 4 weeks
16. Intracellular form of blood and tissue 35. When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain,
flagellates: leishmanial form GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE as opposed to the
17. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8 VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS.
18. Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: pH 5.5 35. After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown
or less granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial
19. Microhematocrit: 10,000 g for 5 minutes cells and casts or free-floating in the urine
20. Standing plasma test: creamy layer sediment. To confirm that these granules are
(chylomicrons); turbid (VLDL) hemosiderin, the Prussian blue stain for iron is
21. Microanatomical fixatives should never contain used and stains the hemosiderin granules a blue
osmic acid/osmium tetroxide because it inhibits color. (RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN).
hematoxylin. 36. Second most prevalent protein in CSF: Prealbumin
22. Nuclear fixatives should contain glacial acetic (transthyretin)
acid due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin. 37. MECONIUM, which is usually defined as a
23. Cytoplasmic fixatives (Flemming's without HAc, newborn’s first bowel movement, is formed in the
Regaud's, Orth's, Helly's and formalin with post- intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and
,swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a dark green, mucus- Decreased LH and FSH
like material. It may be present in the amniotic 61. BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient
fluid as a result of fetal distress. has eaten or become physically active. This is a
38. Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an good time to draw blood specimens because the body
arm with a cannula (temporary dialysis access is at rest and food has not been ingested during the
device) or fistula (a permanent surgical fusion of a night.
vein and an artery). 62. ACID: substance than can yield a hydrogen ion or
39. Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides: hydronium ion when dissolved in water
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity 63. BASE: substance than can yield hydroxyl ions
40. TETANY: neuromotor irritability accompanied by (OH-)
muscular twitching and eventual convulsions; 64. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES: properties of osmotic
generally due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) pressure, freezing point, boiling point and vapor
41. Reagent for the APT test: 1% NaOH pressure
42. APT test: fetal blood, pink solution 65. t-test: compare accuracy, mean (TAM)
43. APT test: maternal blood, yellow-brown 66. f-test: compare precision, SD (SPF)
supernatant 67. Random error: 1:2SD, 1:3SD, R:4S (ODD NUMBERS)
44. Florence test: test for choline 68. Systematic error: 2:2SD, 4:1SD, 10:x (EVEN
Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals NUMBERS)
45. Barbiero's test: test for spermine 69. ZERO-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is dependent
Picric acid, TCA/ yellow leafshaped crystals, on enzyme concentration only
needles 70. FIRST-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is directly
46. Blondheim's test: test to differentiate proportional to substrate concentration
hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will 71. Arteriosclerosis: thickening or hardening of the
precipitate hemoglobin walls of arteries
47. Nanometer is also millimicron 72. Atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipid in the
48. Embedding medium for EM is Plastic veins and arteries
49. Best vital stain is neutral red 73. Azotemia: elevated urea in blood
50. Vital stain for mitochondria is Janus Green 74. Addison’s disease: deficiency of adrenocortical
51. Ferning: Early pregnancy hormones
52. Pap's consists of 3 stains: Harris hematoxylin, 75. Conn’s syndrome: aldosterone-secreting adrenal
OG 6 and EA adenoma
53. Total renal BLOOD flow is 1200 mL/min 76. Cushing’s syndrome: excessive production of
54. Total renal PLASMA flow is 600 to 700 mL/min glucocorticoids (cortisol) by adrenal cortex
55. Most potent estrogen is Estradiol 77. Phaeochromocytoma: tumors of the adrenal medulla
56. Most important androgen in terms of potency and or symphatetic ganglia that produce and release
amount secreted is testosterone (Marshall) large quantities of catecholamines
57. Conn syndrome: primary aldosteronism 78. Amenorrhea: cessation of menstruation
58. Hirsutism: male-pattern hair growth in women; 79. Cirrhosis: Greek work YELLOW; irreversible
most common cause is PCOS (polycystic ovary scarring process by which normal liver architecture
syndrome, Marshall) is transformed into abnormal nodular architecture
59. Primary male hypogonadism 80. Gilbert’s syndrome: hereditary disorder in which
Decreased testosterone there is DECREASED BILIRUBIN TRANSPORT into the
Increased LH and FSH hepatocytes.
60. Secondary male hypogonadism 81. Crigler-Najjar syndrome: hereditary DEFICIENCY
Decreased testosterone of the UDPG-TRANSFERASE ENZYME
, 82. Dubin-Johnson syndrome is associated with 100. ANTI-H LECTIN: ULEX EUROPAEUS
increased plasma conjugated bilirubin, inborn error 101. ANTI-M LECTIN: IBERIS AMARA
of metabolism 102. ANTI-N LECTIN: VICIA GRAMINEA
83. Rotor syndrome, possibly of viral origin, where 103. DOSAGE: phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts
there is also a block in the excretion of conjugated more strongly with a red blood cell carrying a
bilirubin but without liver pigmentation double dose (homozygous inheritance of the
84. Wilson’s disease is a defect of copper transport appropriate gene) than with a red blood cell
from the liver resulting in overload of copper in carrying a single dose (heterozygous inheritance) of
liver and brain an antigen
85. Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder 104. EPITOPE: portion of the antigen molecule that
in which defective transport of copper from mucosal is directly involved in the interaction with the
cells results in copper deficiency. antibody; the ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT
86. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: chronic autoimmune 105. PRIVATE ANTIGEN: antigenic characteristic of
thyroiditis; it is the most common cause of primary the red blood cell membrane that is unique to an
hypothyroidism individual or a related family of individuals and
87. Graves’ disease: diffuse toxic goiter therefore is not commonly found on all cells
88. Kwashiorkor: acute protein calories malnutrition (usually less than 1% of the population)
89. Marasmus: caused by caloric insufficiency 106. PUBLIC ANTIGEN: antigen characteristic of the
without protein insufficiency so that the serum red blood cell membrane found commonly among
albumin level remains normal; there is considerable individuals, usually more than 98% of the population
loss of body weight 107. Apoptosis: programmed cell death
90. Leydig cells: cells of the testicles that 108. Ecchymosis: small hemorrhagic spot, LARGER THAN
produce testosterone PETECHIA, in the skin or mucous membrane, forming a
91. CD34: cell membrane marker of stem cells rounded or irregular blue or purplish patch; also
92. GRANULAR, DIRTY, BROWN CASTS representing known as bruise
hemoglobin degradation products such as 109. Koilonychia: fingernails are thin, flattened
methemoglobin: ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS and concave; associated with iron deficiency anemia
93. ADSORPTION: Providing an antibody with its 110. Leptocyte: thin, flat red cell with hemoglobin
corresponding antigen under optimal conditions so at periphery and increased central pallor;
that the antibody will attach to the antigen, hypochromic cell
thereby removing the antibody from the serum 111. Reed-Sternberg cell: presence is definitive
94. ELUTION: process whereby cells that are coated histologic diagnosis of HODGKIN’S DISEASE
with antibody are treated in such a manner as to 112. Alder-Reilly anomaly: leukocytes of the
disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody myelocytic series, and sometimes all leukocytes
95. ACID PHOSPHATASE (ACP) and ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE contain coarse azurophilic mucopolysccharide
(ALP): red blood cell enzyme used as an granules
identification marker in paternity testing and 113. Auer rod: needle-shaped or round inclusion in
criminal investigation (Harmening) the cytoplasm of myeloblasts and promyelocytes;
96. AMORPH: gene that does not appear to produce a composed of condensed primary granules
detectable antigen; a silent gene 114. Chediak-Higashi anomaly: congenital, autosomal
97. ANASTOMOSIS: connection between two blood recessive disorder, characterized by partial
vessels, either direct or through connecting albinism, photophobia and the presence of abnormally
channels large blue granules in leukocytes
98. ANTI-A1 LECTIN: DOLICHOS BIFLORUS 115. May-Hegglin anomaly: autosomal dominant
99. ANTI-B LECTIN: BANDEIRAEA SIMPLICIFOLIA inherited blood cell disorder characterized by
Acid because it destroys the mitochondria and Golgi
1. Double embedding: Infiltrated with CELLOIDIN then bodies.
embedded with PARAFFIN. 24. Manual paraffin wax infiltration and embedding:
2. Flotation waterbath: 45 to 50 C At least four (4) changes of wax are required at 15
3. To remove formalin pigments: Picric acid minutes interval to ensure complete removal of the
4. To remove mercurial deposits: Iodine clearing agent from tissue. The specimen is then
5. Explosive when dry: Picric acid immersed in another fresh solution of melted
6. Function of alum in hematoxylin: Mordant paraffin for approximately 3 hours to ensure
7. Primary importance of Frozen Sections: RAPID complete embedding or casting of tissue.
DIAGNOSIS 25. Cambridge/Rocking microtome: invented by
8. Enzyme histochemistry: Frozen section Paldwell Treffall.
9. Second best choice for routine cytologic 26. Bond between Best carmine and glycogen:
examination after Papanicolau: Phase contrast Coulombic attraction/electrostatic bonds, hydrogen
microscopy bonds
10. NOT SUITABLE for kidney structures: Bouin's 27. Routine H and E: Regressive staining, it
11. Cell death due to ischemia (loss of blood involves a differentiation step
supply) is known as infarction, and is manifested by 28. Stains for the glomerular basement membrane:
caharacteristic histologic appearance: COAGULATION PAS, Azocarmine stain
NECROSIS 29. Postmortem clotting: immediately after death,
12. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea: rubbery consistency
Clostridium difficile 30. Antemortem thrombi: friable, characterized by
13. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most frequently fibrin precipitation
recovered Corynebacterium species from human 31. Leadership: DIRECTING
clinical material. It is part of the normal skin 32. COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE: cryoprecipitate
microbiota. (fibrinogen) and topical thrombin
14. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients: Candida 33. Donor deferral, measles (rubeola) vaccination: 2
albicans. weeks
15. Doublewalled, wrinkled cyst form: Acanthamoeba 34. Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella)
castellanii vaccination: 4 weeks
16. Intracellular form of blood and tissue 35. When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain,
flagellates: leishmanial form GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE as opposed to the
17. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8 VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS.
18. Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: pH 5.5 35. After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown
or less granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial
19. Microhematocrit: 10,000 g for 5 minutes cells and casts or free-floating in the urine
20. Standing plasma test: creamy layer sediment. To confirm that these granules are
(chylomicrons); turbid (VLDL) hemosiderin, the Prussian blue stain for iron is
21. Microanatomical fixatives should never contain used and stains the hemosiderin granules a blue
osmic acid/osmium tetroxide because it inhibits color. (RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN).
hematoxylin. 36. Second most prevalent protein in CSF: Prealbumin
22. Nuclear fixatives should contain glacial acetic (transthyretin)
acid due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin. 37. MECONIUM, which is usually defined as a
23. Cytoplasmic fixatives (Flemming's without HAc, newborn’s first bowel movement, is formed in the
Regaud's, Orth's, Helly's and formalin with post- intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and
,swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a dark green, mucus- Decreased LH and FSH
like material. It may be present in the amniotic 61. BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient
fluid as a result of fetal distress. has eaten or become physically active. This is a
38. Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an good time to draw blood specimens because the body
arm with a cannula (temporary dialysis access is at rest and food has not been ingested during the
device) or fistula (a permanent surgical fusion of a night.
vein and an artery). 62. ACID: substance than can yield a hydrogen ion or
39. Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides: hydronium ion when dissolved in water
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity 63. BASE: substance than can yield hydroxyl ions
40. TETANY: neuromotor irritability accompanied by (OH-)
muscular twitching and eventual convulsions; 64. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES: properties of osmotic
generally due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) pressure, freezing point, boiling point and vapor
41. Reagent for the APT test: 1% NaOH pressure
42. APT test: fetal blood, pink solution 65. t-test: compare accuracy, mean (TAM)
43. APT test: maternal blood, yellow-brown 66. f-test: compare precision, SD (SPF)
supernatant 67. Random error: 1:2SD, 1:3SD, R:4S (ODD NUMBERS)
44. Florence test: test for choline 68. Systematic error: 2:2SD, 4:1SD, 10:x (EVEN
Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals NUMBERS)
45. Barbiero's test: test for spermine 69. ZERO-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is dependent
Picric acid, TCA/ yellow leafshaped crystals, on enzyme concentration only
needles 70. FIRST-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is directly
46. Blondheim's test: test to differentiate proportional to substrate concentration
hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will 71. Arteriosclerosis: thickening or hardening of the
precipitate hemoglobin walls of arteries
47. Nanometer is also millimicron 72. Atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipid in the
48. Embedding medium for EM is Plastic veins and arteries
49. Best vital stain is neutral red 73. Azotemia: elevated urea in blood
50. Vital stain for mitochondria is Janus Green 74. Addison’s disease: deficiency of adrenocortical
51. Ferning: Early pregnancy hormones
52. Pap's consists of 3 stains: Harris hematoxylin, 75. Conn’s syndrome: aldosterone-secreting adrenal
OG 6 and EA adenoma
53. Total renal BLOOD flow is 1200 mL/min 76. Cushing’s syndrome: excessive production of
54. Total renal PLASMA flow is 600 to 700 mL/min glucocorticoids (cortisol) by adrenal cortex
55. Most potent estrogen is Estradiol 77. Phaeochromocytoma: tumors of the adrenal medulla
56. Most important androgen in terms of potency and or symphatetic ganglia that produce and release
amount secreted is testosterone (Marshall) large quantities of catecholamines
57. Conn syndrome: primary aldosteronism 78. Amenorrhea: cessation of menstruation
58. Hirsutism: male-pattern hair growth in women; 79. Cirrhosis: Greek work YELLOW; irreversible
most common cause is PCOS (polycystic ovary scarring process by which normal liver architecture
syndrome, Marshall) is transformed into abnormal nodular architecture
59. Primary male hypogonadism 80. Gilbert’s syndrome: hereditary disorder in which
Decreased testosterone there is DECREASED BILIRUBIN TRANSPORT into the
Increased LH and FSH hepatocytes.
60. Secondary male hypogonadism 81. Crigler-Najjar syndrome: hereditary DEFICIENCY
Decreased testosterone of the UDPG-TRANSFERASE ENZYME
, 82. Dubin-Johnson syndrome is associated with 100. ANTI-H LECTIN: ULEX EUROPAEUS
increased plasma conjugated bilirubin, inborn error 101. ANTI-M LECTIN: IBERIS AMARA
of metabolism 102. ANTI-N LECTIN: VICIA GRAMINEA
83. Rotor syndrome, possibly of viral origin, where 103. DOSAGE: phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts
there is also a block in the excretion of conjugated more strongly with a red blood cell carrying a
bilirubin but without liver pigmentation double dose (homozygous inheritance of the
84. Wilson’s disease is a defect of copper transport appropriate gene) than with a red blood cell
from the liver resulting in overload of copper in carrying a single dose (heterozygous inheritance) of
liver and brain an antigen
85. Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder 104. EPITOPE: portion of the antigen molecule that
in which defective transport of copper from mucosal is directly involved in the interaction with the
cells results in copper deficiency. antibody; the ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT
86. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: chronic autoimmune 105. PRIVATE ANTIGEN: antigenic characteristic of
thyroiditis; it is the most common cause of primary the red blood cell membrane that is unique to an
hypothyroidism individual or a related family of individuals and
87. Graves’ disease: diffuse toxic goiter therefore is not commonly found on all cells
88. Kwashiorkor: acute protein calories malnutrition (usually less than 1% of the population)
89. Marasmus: caused by caloric insufficiency 106. PUBLIC ANTIGEN: antigen characteristic of the
without protein insufficiency so that the serum red blood cell membrane found commonly among
albumin level remains normal; there is considerable individuals, usually more than 98% of the population
loss of body weight 107. Apoptosis: programmed cell death
90. Leydig cells: cells of the testicles that 108. Ecchymosis: small hemorrhagic spot, LARGER THAN
produce testosterone PETECHIA, in the skin or mucous membrane, forming a
91. CD34: cell membrane marker of stem cells rounded or irregular blue or purplish patch; also
92. GRANULAR, DIRTY, BROWN CASTS representing known as bruise
hemoglobin degradation products such as 109. Koilonychia: fingernails are thin, flattened
methemoglobin: ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS and concave; associated with iron deficiency anemia
93. ADSORPTION: Providing an antibody with its 110. Leptocyte: thin, flat red cell with hemoglobin
corresponding antigen under optimal conditions so at periphery and increased central pallor;
that the antibody will attach to the antigen, hypochromic cell
thereby removing the antibody from the serum 111. Reed-Sternberg cell: presence is definitive
94. ELUTION: process whereby cells that are coated histologic diagnosis of HODGKIN’S DISEASE
with antibody are treated in such a manner as to 112. Alder-Reilly anomaly: leukocytes of the
disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody myelocytic series, and sometimes all leukocytes
95. ACID PHOSPHATASE (ACP) and ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE contain coarse azurophilic mucopolysccharide
(ALP): red blood cell enzyme used as an granules
identification marker in paternity testing and 113. Auer rod: needle-shaped or round inclusion in
criminal investigation (Harmening) the cytoplasm of myeloblasts and promyelocytes;
96. AMORPH: gene that does not appear to produce a composed of condensed primary granules
detectable antigen; a silent gene 114. Chediak-Higashi anomaly: congenital, autosomal
97. ANASTOMOSIS: connection between two blood recessive disorder, characterized by partial
vessels, either direct or through connecting albinism, photophobia and the presence of abnormally
channels large blue granules in leukocytes
98. ANTI-A1 LECTIN: DOLICHOS BIFLORUS 115. May-Hegglin anomaly: autosomal dominant
99. ANTI-B LECTIN: BANDEIRAEA SIMPLICIFOLIA inherited blood cell disorder characterized by
