Noor Saba, Haider Bibi 10/12/2021
Part B Unit 12: Diseases and Infections
Examine the transmission of infectious diseases and how this can be prevented
Methods by which infectious diseases can be spread:
B1
Direct Contact-Transmission
Human to human via body fluid: Humans can have these diseases by human body fluid, all the
diseases that can be transmitted by human to human are contagious, and this disease can be spread
by:
-Air droplets: Disease can be transmitted by airdrops, people with a certain contagious disease can be
transmitted that disease to another individual by air, having close contact with a person with a
contagious disease, for example being in the same room, breathing the same air or coughing in the same
air can be transmitted. Some examples of a disease transmitted by air droplets: Coronavirus (COVID-19)
or TB.
-Fecal-oral spread: Disease can be transmitted by fecal for example with pigeon fecal, these animals'
fecal can destroy green habitats. Their fecal contains several infections, like protozoa, fungus, and
bacterial infections. These can transmit Psittacosis, also called parrot fever, a zoonotic infection disease,
caused by chlamydia bacteria.
-Skin or mucous: Disease can be spread by skin or mucous for example when a non-infected person
comes near the skin or mucous membrane (mouth, genitals, or nose) of an infected person.
A human releases naturally dead skin every day
-Sexual contact: Disease can be transmitted by sexual contact, an individual with herpes simplex virus
(HSV) can transmit it to a person without that disease by sexual contact. It goes to your body through the
mucous membrane.
Animal to human, animal waste ping: Diseases spread between animals to humans, are called
zoonotic diseases. It’s a big public health problem, therefore humans have really close contact with
animals, by digesting or by having it as domestic.
Examples of zoonosis Infectious.
-Zoonotic influenza.
-Salmonellosis.
-Plague
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, Zoonosis disease can spread by parasitic, bacterial, direct contact, food, liquid, and from the
air(environment). There is a large number of new zoonoses infectious diseases as well as from the past
that already exist such as Plague or malaria.
Therefore, disease can be carried by animals therefore, they spread it all over the countries and the
world
Indirect Contact
Vectors: Vectors are an agent that transmits infectious from animals to humans and human to
human. You can get infected from the bite of an Infected Arthropod species.
There can be two types of Vectors.
-Biological Vector, helps to transmit parasites and multiplication in their body. An example of a biological
vector could be the Anopheles mosquito that can transmit Malaria and Reduviid bugs that can transmit
changas disease.
-Mechanical Vector, in mechanical vector there is only direct transport and no development or
multiplication. An example of a mechanical vector can be a housefly that can transmit from one human
to another human contact.
Transmission: Disease can be transmitted by Surface or infected droplets. A pathogen lands on the
surface and it’s able to survive until you touch it, therefore if you touch your eyes or mouth, through
that it can travel into your body and you can get infected by the pathogen.
Some pathogens are more likely to be on that surface and they will survive, like fungus in the pool.
Food can transmit bacteria such as Salmonella by surfaces to other foods.
Contamination: Disease caused by contaminated water is called Waterborne, it's when
contaminated water has a small microscopic organism, like Viruses and Bacteria.
This disease can be transmitted by ingesting contaminated water or having close contact with feces. To
prevent these diseases, one should have access to clean water, have sanitation, and hygiene.
B2
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis is a barrier that stops a specific disease from occurring. For example, they inject them with
Prophylaxis (unknown disease) vaccine, so the patient can’t develop those specific diseases
Antibiotics: Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections; antibiotics try to kill the
bacteria or prevent them from developing and multiplication of that bacteria. It helps our immune
system to fight against bacterial infection, but like everything has a limit of taking it, antibiotics can
be harmful if used more than what Doctors said, it has a side effect, therefore that’s why now it's
This study source was downloaded by 100000850872992 from CourseHero.com on 06-10-2023 15:45:50 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/171094687/Part-B-Unit-12-Diseases-and-infectionsdocx/
Part B Unit 12: Diseases and Infections
Examine the transmission of infectious diseases and how this can be prevented
Methods by which infectious diseases can be spread:
B1
Direct Contact-Transmission
Human to human via body fluid: Humans can have these diseases by human body fluid, all the
diseases that can be transmitted by human to human are contagious, and this disease can be spread
by:
-Air droplets: Disease can be transmitted by airdrops, people with a certain contagious disease can be
transmitted that disease to another individual by air, having close contact with a person with a
contagious disease, for example being in the same room, breathing the same air or coughing in the same
air can be transmitted. Some examples of a disease transmitted by air droplets: Coronavirus (COVID-19)
or TB.
-Fecal-oral spread: Disease can be transmitted by fecal for example with pigeon fecal, these animals'
fecal can destroy green habitats. Their fecal contains several infections, like protozoa, fungus, and
bacterial infections. These can transmit Psittacosis, also called parrot fever, a zoonotic infection disease,
caused by chlamydia bacteria.
-Skin or mucous: Disease can be spread by skin or mucous for example when a non-infected person
comes near the skin or mucous membrane (mouth, genitals, or nose) of an infected person.
A human releases naturally dead skin every day
-Sexual contact: Disease can be transmitted by sexual contact, an individual with herpes simplex virus
(HSV) can transmit it to a person without that disease by sexual contact. It goes to your body through the
mucous membrane.
Animal to human, animal waste ping: Diseases spread between animals to humans, are called
zoonotic diseases. It’s a big public health problem, therefore humans have really close contact with
animals, by digesting or by having it as domestic.
Examples of zoonosis Infectious.
-Zoonotic influenza.
-Salmonellosis.
-Plague
This study source was downloaded by 100000850872992 from CourseHero.com on 06-10-2023 15:45:50 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/171094687/Part-B-Unit-12-Diseases-and-infectionsdocx/
, Zoonosis disease can spread by parasitic, bacterial, direct contact, food, liquid, and from the
air(environment). There is a large number of new zoonoses infectious diseases as well as from the past
that already exist such as Plague or malaria.
Therefore, disease can be carried by animals therefore, they spread it all over the countries and the
world
Indirect Contact
Vectors: Vectors are an agent that transmits infectious from animals to humans and human to
human. You can get infected from the bite of an Infected Arthropod species.
There can be two types of Vectors.
-Biological Vector, helps to transmit parasites and multiplication in their body. An example of a biological
vector could be the Anopheles mosquito that can transmit Malaria and Reduviid bugs that can transmit
changas disease.
-Mechanical Vector, in mechanical vector there is only direct transport and no development or
multiplication. An example of a mechanical vector can be a housefly that can transmit from one human
to another human contact.
Transmission: Disease can be transmitted by Surface or infected droplets. A pathogen lands on the
surface and it’s able to survive until you touch it, therefore if you touch your eyes or mouth, through
that it can travel into your body and you can get infected by the pathogen.
Some pathogens are more likely to be on that surface and they will survive, like fungus in the pool.
Food can transmit bacteria such as Salmonella by surfaces to other foods.
Contamination: Disease caused by contaminated water is called Waterborne, it's when
contaminated water has a small microscopic organism, like Viruses and Bacteria.
This disease can be transmitted by ingesting contaminated water or having close contact with feces. To
prevent these diseases, one should have access to clean water, have sanitation, and hygiene.
B2
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis is a barrier that stops a specific disease from occurring. For example, they inject them with
Prophylaxis (unknown disease) vaccine, so the patient can’t develop those specific diseases
Antibiotics: Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections; antibiotics try to kill the
bacteria or prevent them from developing and multiplication of that bacteria. It helps our immune
system to fight against bacterial infection, but like everything has a limit of taking it, antibiotics can
be harmful if used more than what Doctors said, it has a side effect, therefore that’s why now it's
This study source was downloaded by 100000850872992 from CourseHero.com on 06-10-2023 15:45:50 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/171094687/Part-B-Unit-12-Diseases-and-infectionsdocx/
