Biology 20 Final Exam (Alberta) 2023 with complete
solution
Neutrophils
White blood Cell (granulocyte), sphirical, multilobed nuceli, granulated, 10-14 um
Basophils
White Blood Cell (granulocyte), sphirical, lobed nuclei, irregularly shaped, release
histamine, promotes blood flow to injury, granulated, 10-12 um, nucleus fills whole cell
Eosinophils
White Blood Cell (granulocyte), sphirical, bilobed nuceli, granulated, 10-14 um,
phagocytize antigen - antibody complexes
Monocytes
White Blood Cell, Can leave blood stream, further specialize as macrophages that
destroy bacteria, kidney shaped nuclei, nongranular
Lymphocytes
White Blood Cell, non granular, thymus and red bone marrow, play role in the formation
of antibodies(defense function)
Plasma
Fluid portion of the blood, made up of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars,
vitamins, minerals, hormones, waste products. Transports blood cells, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, etc.
Red Blood Cell
(Erythrocyte) Blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is
specialized for oxygen transport, no nucleus (formed part of blood)
White Blood Cell
(leukocyte) Colorless blood cell that protects the body from infection by way of the
immune response, plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation. Three types:
granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes (formed part of blood)
Platelet
Component of the formed portion of the blood, consisting of fragments of cells that are
created when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart, contains no nucleus and
plays a key role in blood clotting
Vasodilation
Expansion in the diameter of blood vessels; near the skin brings more blood to the
surface to reduce body temperature
Vasoconstriction
Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels; near the skin conserves body heat
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of specialized muscle tissue located int he wall of the right atrium; receives
electrical stimulus from the SA nose and transmits this impulse over the walls of the
ventricles to start their contraction
Bundle of His
Bundle of specialized fibers through which an electrical signal is transmitted from the AV
node, initiating the contraction of the right and left ventricles
Aorta
,Major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all regions of the
body, except lungs
Tricuspid Valve
(atrioventricular) Separates the right atria and ventricle, 3 flaps
Bicuspid Valve
(atrioventricular) Separates the left atria and ventricle, 2 flaps
Semilunar Valves
(Aortic + Pulmonary) Look like half moons, keep the blood when it is pumped to the
lungs and body from leaking back into the heart
Circulatory System
System of vessels that transports blood, the cells and substances suspended and
dissolved in blood throughout the body. Links all systems; transports oxygen, waste,
nutrients, hormones, medicine, enzymes, etc. Regulates internal temperature, protects
against blood loss from injury, disease causing microbes, or toxic substances
introduced to the body.
Cardiovascular System
The heart and blood vessels, cardio= heart, vascular= vessels
Pulmonary Pathway
Heart to lungs and back to the heart
Systemic Pathway
Heart to body and back to the heart
Coronary Pathway
Heart to heart vessels and back to the heart
Heart's Functions
Pump blood through the body, keep oxygen rich blood separated from oxygen poor
blood, ensure that blood flows only in one direction through the body
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged between the
circulatory system and body tissues across one cell capillary wall
Sinoatrial Node
Bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium of the
mammalian heart; generates an electrical impulse that stimulates cardiac muscle fibers
to contract and relax rhythmically, producing a regular heart beat (organic pacemaker)
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume (mL/min); average output = total volume of
blood that circulates through the heart once per minute
Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque (fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues) on the inside of artery
walls. Blood flow is decreased and blood pressure increased; Angioplasty and coronary
bypass
Blood
Tissue with a solid and fluid portion
Aldosterone
Type of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the distal tubule and
collecting duct of the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream,
followed by the passive absorption of water and chloride
, ADH
Hormone regulated by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that
increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct in the nephrons of the
kidneys, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from the filtrate
Collecting Duct
Pipe-like channel arising from the tubule connected to the bowman's capsule in the
nephron; functions as a water conservation device, reabsorbing water from the filtration
in the nephron
Renal Artery
Blood vessel that originates from the aorta and delivers blood to the kidneys; splits into
the glomerulus within the bowman's capsule of the nephron
Renal Vein
Blood Vessel that drains from the kidney; returns to the body the solutes and water
reabsorbed by the kidney
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Tubular portion of the nephron that lies between the bowman's capsule and the loop of
henle; main function is re absorption of water and solutes, as well as secretion of
hydrogen ions
Loop of Henle
Tubular portion of the nephron that lies between proximal and distal tubule; main
function is re absorption of water and ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Tubular portion of the nephron that lies between the loop of henle and pct; main function
is re absorption of water and solutes and secretion of various substances
Nephron
Microscopic tube-like filtration unit found in the kidneys that filters and reabsorbs various
substances from the blood; produces urine
Glomerulus
A fine network of capillaries within the bowman's capsule of the nephron; arising from
the renal artery, the walls of the glomerulus act as a filtration device
Bowman's Capsule
Cap-like formation at the top of each nephron that serves as a filtration structure;
surrounds the glomerulus
Excretory System
Reguates the volume and composition of the blood by reabsorption of materials for
resure and by removing wastes
Kidney
One of a pair of organs that filters waste from the blood (which is excreted in urine) and
adjusts the concentrations of salts in the blood
Ureter
A pair of muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Antibody
mediated immunity is carried out by two types of lymphocytes in the circulatory system.
B cells mature in bone marrow, T cells in the thymus gland
Antigens
solution
Neutrophils
White blood Cell (granulocyte), sphirical, multilobed nuceli, granulated, 10-14 um
Basophils
White Blood Cell (granulocyte), sphirical, lobed nuclei, irregularly shaped, release
histamine, promotes blood flow to injury, granulated, 10-12 um, nucleus fills whole cell
Eosinophils
White Blood Cell (granulocyte), sphirical, bilobed nuceli, granulated, 10-14 um,
phagocytize antigen - antibody complexes
Monocytes
White Blood Cell, Can leave blood stream, further specialize as macrophages that
destroy bacteria, kidney shaped nuclei, nongranular
Lymphocytes
White Blood Cell, non granular, thymus and red bone marrow, play role in the formation
of antibodies(defense function)
Plasma
Fluid portion of the blood, made up of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars,
vitamins, minerals, hormones, waste products. Transports blood cells, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, etc.
Red Blood Cell
(Erythrocyte) Blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is
specialized for oxygen transport, no nucleus (formed part of blood)
White Blood Cell
(leukocyte) Colorless blood cell that protects the body from infection by way of the
immune response, plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation. Three types:
granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes (formed part of blood)
Platelet
Component of the formed portion of the blood, consisting of fragments of cells that are
created when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart, contains no nucleus and
plays a key role in blood clotting
Vasodilation
Expansion in the diameter of blood vessels; near the skin brings more blood to the
surface to reduce body temperature
Vasoconstriction
Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels; near the skin conserves body heat
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of specialized muscle tissue located int he wall of the right atrium; receives
electrical stimulus from the SA nose and transmits this impulse over the walls of the
ventricles to start their contraction
Bundle of His
Bundle of specialized fibers through which an electrical signal is transmitted from the AV
node, initiating the contraction of the right and left ventricles
Aorta
,Major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all regions of the
body, except lungs
Tricuspid Valve
(atrioventricular) Separates the right atria and ventricle, 3 flaps
Bicuspid Valve
(atrioventricular) Separates the left atria and ventricle, 2 flaps
Semilunar Valves
(Aortic + Pulmonary) Look like half moons, keep the blood when it is pumped to the
lungs and body from leaking back into the heart
Circulatory System
System of vessels that transports blood, the cells and substances suspended and
dissolved in blood throughout the body. Links all systems; transports oxygen, waste,
nutrients, hormones, medicine, enzymes, etc. Regulates internal temperature, protects
against blood loss from injury, disease causing microbes, or toxic substances
introduced to the body.
Cardiovascular System
The heart and blood vessels, cardio= heart, vascular= vessels
Pulmonary Pathway
Heart to lungs and back to the heart
Systemic Pathway
Heart to body and back to the heart
Coronary Pathway
Heart to heart vessels and back to the heart
Heart's Functions
Pump blood through the body, keep oxygen rich blood separated from oxygen poor
blood, ensure that blood flows only in one direction through the body
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged between the
circulatory system and body tissues across one cell capillary wall
Sinoatrial Node
Bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium of the
mammalian heart; generates an electrical impulse that stimulates cardiac muscle fibers
to contract and relax rhythmically, producing a regular heart beat (organic pacemaker)
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume (mL/min); average output = total volume of
blood that circulates through the heart once per minute
Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque (fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues) on the inside of artery
walls. Blood flow is decreased and blood pressure increased; Angioplasty and coronary
bypass
Blood
Tissue with a solid and fluid portion
Aldosterone
Type of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the distal tubule and
collecting duct of the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream,
followed by the passive absorption of water and chloride
, ADH
Hormone regulated by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that
increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct in the nephrons of the
kidneys, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from the filtrate
Collecting Duct
Pipe-like channel arising from the tubule connected to the bowman's capsule in the
nephron; functions as a water conservation device, reabsorbing water from the filtration
in the nephron
Renal Artery
Blood vessel that originates from the aorta and delivers blood to the kidneys; splits into
the glomerulus within the bowman's capsule of the nephron
Renal Vein
Blood Vessel that drains from the kidney; returns to the body the solutes and water
reabsorbed by the kidney
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Tubular portion of the nephron that lies between the bowman's capsule and the loop of
henle; main function is re absorption of water and solutes, as well as secretion of
hydrogen ions
Loop of Henle
Tubular portion of the nephron that lies between proximal and distal tubule; main
function is re absorption of water and ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Tubular portion of the nephron that lies between the loop of henle and pct; main function
is re absorption of water and solutes and secretion of various substances
Nephron
Microscopic tube-like filtration unit found in the kidneys that filters and reabsorbs various
substances from the blood; produces urine
Glomerulus
A fine network of capillaries within the bowman's capsule of the nephron; arising from
the renal artery, the walls of the glomerulus act as a filtration device
Bowman's Capsule
Cap-like formation at the top of each nephron that serves as a filtration structure;
surrounds the glomerulus
Excretory System
Reguates the volume and composition of the blood by reabsorption of materials for
resure and by removing wastes
Kidney
One of a pair of organs that filters waste from the blood (which is excreted in urine) and
adjusts the concentrations of salts in the blood
Ureter
A pair of muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Antibody
mediated immunity is carried out by two types of lymphocytes in the circulatory system.
B cells mature in bone marrow, T cells in the thymus gland
Antigens
