Pre-PCOA Exam Latest Update (2022/2023) Already Passed

Pre-PCOA Exam Latest Update (2022/2023) Already Passed Methods to enhance a drug's solubility in a solvent 1. Heat 2. Co-solvents increase the solubility of hydrophobic molecules by reducing the dielectric constant of the solvent 3. pH-Assisted solubility processes of drug elimination from the body liver, kidney and bile primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins a. 1° primary - amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (Controls levels 2, 3, and 4) b. 2° secondary - local folding (helices, sheets, turns) c. 3° tertiary - arrangement of 2° structure into a globally fold d. 4°quaternary - complex of several folded polypeptides Sequence from the 1° structure determine the folding of the 2°, 3°, and 4° structure Meaning of Km for Michaelis-Menten kinetics Km is the substrate concentration at which the velocity of a enzyme reaction is at half of it's maximum value (1/2 Vmax) HIGH Km = LOW affinity Kcat meaning for Michaelis-Menten kinetics constant for every enzyme. Measures catalytic efficiency Number of substrate molecules catalyzed per enzyme molecule per unit time at saturation Michaelis-Menten kinetics relationship quantifies the relationship between the rate of enzyme catalyzes reaction and the substrate concentration a. Steady-state assumption for Michaelis-Menten kinetics i. [ES] does not change with time, i.e., the rate of formation of ES is equal to that of breakdown of ES (to E+S and E+P). irate of synthesis is equal to its rate of degradation. conditions that affect the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions a. pH: enzyme has optimal pH b. temperature: increase temperature can denature the enzyme c. enzyme concentration: increase conc will increase the rate as long as substrate conc is available substrate concentration Essential AA's Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan (dependent on Phe: phenylalanine tyrosine), and Valine Ketogenic AA and their products Leu, Lys degraded to acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA; considered ketogenic because they produce ketone bodies Glucogenic AA products degraded to pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate