Medical/AMLS Final review 2023 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED AND VERIFIED

Headache, nuchal rigidity, fever/chills and photophobia is a classic sign of: - CORRECT ANS Meningitis Patients who have headache and fever should be assessed for: (which sign(s)?) - CORRECT ANS Kernig's (pain when extension of knee at sitting position; 'K' in Kernigs and knee) and Brudzinsky's signs (involuntary flexing of legs when flexing neck). Positive tests would indicate meningitis. Fluid shifting in lungs is: - CORRECT ANS ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrom); occurs during shock or can also happen because of pneumonia, aspiration, pancreatitis or drug overdose. High mortality Epiglottitis VS Croup VS Meningitis - CORRECT ANS Epiglottis: High grade fever (>102*F), Sore throat, Drooling, Leaning forward Croup: Seal bark cough at night, Low grade fever(<102*F), Stridor Meningitis: Stiff neck, fever/chills, photophobia, Fever with seizures. Dental pain, fever, dysphagia and possible firm red pronounced swelling around throat: - CORRECT ANS Ludwig's Angina Activation of the RAA Pathway is caused by: - CORRECT ANS Dehydration, Drop in Na, or Hemorrhage (which all, essentially, can lead to shock) With regards to RAA: When a drop in BP is sensed by kidneys, they will release ________ which will - CORRECT ANS Renin(think "RENal"/"RENin"; will combine with angiotensinogen (in blood) to make Angiotensin I. There's an enzyme in your lungs called ACE which stands for ________. As Angiotensin-1 is carried from your blood stream to your lungs, it combines with ACE and becomes _________. - CORRECT ANS Angiotensin Converting Enzyme; Angiotensin-2. Angiotensin-2 specifically activates the ________________ to secrete _______________ - CORRECT ANS adrenal cortex; aldosterone aldosterone - CORRECT ANS Causes water and salt retention in blood, thus increasing blood pressure. ADH vs Aldosterone - CORRECT ANS What's the difference between ADH and Aldosterone? ADH Keeps water, and water only; Aldosterone keeps water and salt. ........ If you eat food that's high in salts, you increase the tonicity of your bloodstream when it's absorbed and become hypertonic. That triggers ADH which causes your kidneys to retain water and only water. A drop in blood pressure will also cause ADH release because there's a multiplicity to the body all the time. There's never been a clinical case of somebody overproducing ADH. But there are clinical cases of lower than normal ADH levels (deficiency) which goes by the name of diabetes insipidus. What's diabetes insipidus? If you can't make ADH, you pee a lot because you have no way of not-peeing a lot. The word diabetes means to pee a lot. There's diabetes mellitus. Mellitus means sweet. So this is sweet pee. Insipidus is pee that doesn't taste sweet. These two diabetes were recognized by ancient greeks. When people would pee a lot, they would taste their urine. If it tastes sweet, it was called diabetes mellitus, and if it wasn't sweet it was called diabetes insipidus. Angiotenson, Renin and Aldosterone increase - CORRECT ANS preload and afterload.