M1 L1 EURO Question and Answer

the Third Rome - This is the Russian doctrine that begain to gain currency after 1453. It essentially claimed that Moscow had become the new defender of true Christianity (and hence civilization) since the first two Romes, Rome and Constantinople, had fallen. The Golden Horde - The Mongol group that controlled southern Russia and much of the area north of the Caspian Sea. It also theoretically controlled Muscovy and demanded annual tribute until the reign of Ivan III. The tribute payments were ended after 1480. Unam Sanctam - This was a papal bull issued by Boniface VIII in 1302 that declared that temporal authority was subject to the spiritual power of the church. Bubonic Plague - Also known as the Black Plague, this diesease killed around 40% of Europe's population in the 14th century. Flagellants - ritual penitants who beat themselves, hoping for divine intervention to prevent the plague Statute of Laborers - This law was passed by Parliament in 1351, during the Hundred Years' War. It limited wages to pre-plague levels; restricted the movement of peasants and was also a major factor in the English Peasant Revolt. Hundred Years' War - This conflict between English and French nobility that lasted, intermittently, from . It led to the development of centralized states in France and Britain. Estates General - This assembly of French nobles, townspeople and clergy that leveraged the king's difficulties to broaden their own authority during the Hundred Years' War. Clergy made up the first estate. Nobles were the second estate. Peasants and everyone else made up the third estate. The English Longbow - The longbow was used by English yeomen and was the English weapon that contemporaries credited with stunning English victories at Crecy and Agincourt. Crecy - This was the site of a great victory of an outnumbered English army commanded by Edward, the Black Prince over the French who were supposed to be the best soldiers in Europe in 1346. Jacquerie - This French peasant revolt during and after 1358 was the result of the heavy taxation and suffering inflicted on French peasants during the Hundred Years' War. It was brutally repressed by French knights. John Ball and Wat Tyler - These men led the English peasant revolts in 1381. Ball was an English Lollard priest. Tyler led a force to Canterbury to protest atrocities associated with the collection of a poll tax. Both were killed during the revolt. Agincourt 1419 - This was thelast of the great victories of the English long bowmen over French chivalry. It was the result of poor French leadership and advantageous use of terrain by the English army. It nearly led to the unification of France and Britain under Henry V. Joan of Arc - Also, known as the Maid of Orleans. This young French girl claimed that God had sent her on a mission to lead French forces against the English during the Hundred Years' War. She helped the French to break the siege of Orleans but was later betrayed, tried for heresy and executed by the English.