Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology
Paper 1
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
PROTECTION - encloses vital organs LONG BONES - longer than they are wide
SUPPORT - holds muscles and organs in place SHORT BONES - create support and stability
MOVEMENT - provides anchor points for muscles to pull on IRREGULAR BONES - vary in shape
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION - red and white bc FLAT BONES - usually thin and curved
MINERAL STORAGE - stores calcium and phosphorus
SHAPE - gives us our general build and height
MOVEMENTS AT A JOINT
FLEXION - decreasing the angle at a joint PLANTAR FLEXION - pointing toes towards the ground
EXTENSION - increasing the angle at a joint DORSIFLEXION - pointing toes towards the knee
ADDUCTION - the movement of limbs towards the ABDUCTION - the movement of limbs away from the midline of
midline of the body the body
ROTATION - turning a limb along its axis
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS AND CONTRACTIONS
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE - produces synovial fluid AGONIST - a muscle that causes movement (prime mover)
SYNOVIAL FLUID - lubricates the joint ANTAGONIST - a muscle that relaxes to allow agonist to
JOINT CAPSULE - tough fibrous tissue keeping fluid in contract
BURSAE - a fluid-filled bag that helps reduce friction coming from the tendons TYPES OF CONTRACTION
TENDON - non-elastic cords that attach muscle to bone ISOMETRIC - contracted muscles where there is no visible
LIGAMENTS - bands that attach bone to bone movement, muscles stay the same length
CARTILAGE - covers the ends of bones o provide a friction-free surface ISOTONIC - CONCENTRIC -muscle shortens when contracted
- ECCENTRIC -muscle lengthens when contracted
CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE HEART
Nose/Mouth Cardiac cycle - DIASTOLE - ventricle relax
Trachea - SYSTOLE - ventricles contract
Bronchus Cardiac output - the volume of blood pumped out the heart in litres per minute
Bronchioles Heart Rate = number of times the heart beats per minute
Lungs Stroke volume = the volume of blood that leaves the heart with each contraction
Alveoli (site of gaseous exchange) Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE
-large surface area of alveoli
-moist thin walls (one cell thick)
-short diffusion pathway
-lots of capillaries, large blood supply
-high to low concentration, diffusion
DIAPHRAGM LUNG VOLUMES
-flattens & contracts when inhaling Tidal - the amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal inspiration (0.5L)
-domes & relaxes when exhaling Residual - the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration
IRV - the amount of air that is inspired above the tidal volume during a deep breath (3L)
ERV - the amount of air expired above the tidal volume during a forceful exhale
Paper 1
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
PROTECTION - encloses vital organs LONG BONES - longer than they are wide
SUPPORT - holds muscles and organs in place SHORT BONES - create support and stability
MOVEMENT - provides anchor points for muscles to pull on IRREGULAR BONES - vary in shape
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION - red and white bc FLAT BONES - usually thin and curved
MINERAL STORAGE - stores calcium and phosphorus
SHAPE - gives us our general build and height
MOVEMENTS AT A JOINT
FLEXION - decreasing the angle at a joint PLANTAR FLEXION - pointing toes towards the ground
EXTENSION - increasing the angle at a joint DORSIFLEXION - pointing toes towards the knee
ADDUCTION - the movement of limbs towards the ABDUCTION - the movement of limbs away from the midline of
midline of the body the body
ROTATION - turning a limb along its axis
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS AND CONTRACTIONS
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE - produces synovial fluid AGONIST - a muscle that causes movement (prime mover)
SYNOVIAL FLUID - lubricates the joint ANTAGONIST - a muscle that relaxes to allow agonist to
JOINT CAPSULE - tough fibrous tissue keeping fluid in contract
BURSAE - a fluid-filled bag that helps reduce friction coming from the tendons TYPES OF CONTRACTION
TENDON - non-elastic cords that attach muscle to bone ISOMETRIC - contracted muscles where there is no visible
LIGAMENTS - bands that attach bone to bone movement, muscles stay the same length
CARTILAGE - covers the ends of bones o provide a friction-free surface ISOTONIC - CONCENTRIC -muscle shortens when contracted
- ECCENTRIC -muscle lengthens when contracted
CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE HEART
Nose/Mouth Cardiac cycle - DIASTOLE - ventricle relax
Trachea - SYSTOLE - ventricles contract
Bronchus Cardiac output - the volume of blood pumped out the heart in litres per minute
Bronchioles Heart Rate = number of times the heart beats per minute
Lungs Stroke volume = the volume of blood that leaves the heart with each contraction
Alveoli (site of gaseous exchange) Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE
-large surface area of alveoli
-moist thin walls (one cell thick)
-short diffusion pathway
-lots of capillaries, large blood supply
-high to low concentration, diffusion
DIAPHRAGM LUNG VOLUMES
-flattens & contracts when inhaling Tidal - the amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal inspiration (0.5L)
-domes & relaxes when exhaling Residual - the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration
IRV - the amount of air that is inspired above the tidal volume during a deep breath (3L)
ERV - the amount of air expired above the tidal volume during a forceful exhale
