HOSA Forensic Science Latest 2023 Graded A

HOSA Forensic Science Latest 2023 Graded A chain of custody the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence circumstantial evidence (indirect evidence) evidence used to imply a fact but not prove it directly class evidence material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group crime-scene investigation a multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime crime scene reconstruction a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through its commission datum point a permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene direct evidence evidence that (if true) proves an alleged fact, such as an eyewitness account of a crime individual evidence a kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing subdatum point one of several preference points of known coordinates marked from a measurable distance and direction from the datum point trace evidence small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene Triangulation a technique used to record evidence location from two fixed reference points Locard's Exchange Principle states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs Seven S's of Crime Scene Investigation secure the scene , separate the witness, scan the scene, see, sketch, search, secure evidence Mapping the Outdoor Crime Scene Check pg. 32 Analyzing Evidence See pg. 34 Staged Crime Scene See pg. 35 Summary, Case Studies, Careers, and Review See pgs. 36-42 allele An alternative form of a gene. Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) the FBI's computerized criminal DNA databases as well as the software used to run these databases; includes the National DNA Index System (NDIS) DNA Phenotyping The prediction of physical appearance based only on DNA DNA profile (fingerprint) patter of DNA fragments obtained by analyzing a person's unique sequences of noncoding DNA DNA profiling a technique used to identify a person based on analysis of their genetic code electrophoresis a method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to their size Exon portion of gene that is expressed Familial Searching using CODIS and state databases to search for relatives of unknown persons or offenders Forensic genealogy using both CODIS and public databases to identify a subject by comparing their DNA to one or more family members Intron portion of a gene that is not expressed karyotype a picture of the paired homologous chromosomes in a cell kinship closely related individuals polymer A long molecule composedd of similar repeating units polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a method of amplifying (duplicating) tiny amounts of DNA evidence for use in investigations polymorphism region of repeating DNA within an intron that is highly variable from person to person primer a starting sequence added to trigger replication of a specific section of DNA or RNA short tandem repeats (STRs) sequence of repeating bases in noncoding regions of DNA that are used in DNA profiling single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) a type of genetic variation where one nucleotide is substituted for another STR markers a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome Agglutination Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction. Angle of Impact angle at which blood strikes a target surface relative to the horizontal plane of the target surface antigen substance that triggers an immune response area of convergence a two-dimensional view of the intersection of lines formed by drawing a line through the main axis of at least two drops of blood that indicates the general area of the source of the blood spatter area of origin the location of a blood source viewed in three dimensions as determined by projecting angles of impact of individual bloodstains Cast-off pattern blood projected onto a surface as a result of being flung from an object in motion passive drop blood drop created solely as a result of gravity satellite smaller droplets of blood projected from larger drops of blood upon impact with a surface spine elongated blood streaks radiating away from the center of a bloodstain swipe blood pattern resulting from a lateral transfer from a moving source onto another surface wipe smeared blood pattern created when an object moves through blood that is not completely dried acute poisoning a high dose over a short period of time Chronic poisoning Low dose over a long period of time Controlled Substances Act law that established penalties for possession, use, or distribution of illegal drugs and established five schedules for classifying drugs First Step Act a law that reduced the penalties of drug use, possession, and distribution for those already in federal prison Metabolite the by-product formed during the metabolism of a chemical ..