NYSTCE EAS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023

NYSTCE EAS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023 ntrinsic Motivation Refers to topics that students like or enjoy. Based on a knowledge of what is popular or interesting to students of a particular age. Extrinsic Motivation Focuses on external rewards for good work or goal attainment. Most successful when used in conjunction with more routine work. Example - offer an appropriate reward for completing an assignment of for other acceptable performance. Guidelines for Teaching Lessons in Which the Students Stay Motivated - Give clear and unambiguous objectives -Give the students stimulating tasks at an appropriate level -Get and hold students' attention -Allow students some choices -Students will be motivated if they like the topic/activity, believe the lesson has something to do with them, believe they will succeed, and have a positive reaction to your efforts to motivate them. Do students learn most successfully when they are being taught/supervised or when they are working independently? Taught or supervised Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Developed by Lev Vygotsky. Consists of tasks the student cannot do without help but can do with help. Teachers should present activities in a student's ZPD to encourage a realistic learning opportunity Scaffolding A student receives help to learn something in his or her ZPD. The help is withdrawn in a measured way until it the help becomes unnecessary. Gardener's Multiple Intelligences Theory by Howard gardner that presents 9 intelligences to better reflect the wide range of ability demonstrated by students. Spatial Thinkers Learn best by visualizing problems and solutions Linguistic Thinkers Learn best through words and language Logical-mathematical thinkers Learn best through abstract and scientific thinking, and through solving numerical problems Bodily-kinesthetic thinkers Learn best through physical activity Musical thinkers Learn best by listening and tend to excel at singing/musical instruments Interpersonal thinkers Learn best by working with others and tend to be sensitive to the needs of others Intrapersonal thinkers Learn best by working alone and tend to be intuitive and introverted Naturalistic thinkers Learn best by relating subject matter to nature and the world around them Existential thinkers May comprehend concepts beyond the actual information given Maslow's Deficiency Needs 1. Biological/physiological - hunger, thirst, etc. 2. Safety 3. Belongingness/love 4. Esteem Maslow's Being Needs 1. Cognitive: to know, understand, explore 2. Aesthetic: appreciation of and search for beauty, order & form 3. Self-actualization 4. Self-transcendence Auditory Learning Style Student learns best through listening to spoken information Visual-Spatial Learning Style Student learns best through reading and viewing tables, charts, and maps. Kinesthetic Learning Style Student learns best through physical activity and hands-on activities Metacognition "Knowing about knowing". Includes what a student knows about himself, what a student knows about strategies, or what a student knows about the topic to be learned. Teacher-Centered Approaches Characterized by teacher presentation, a factual question, and a knowledge-based response from the student Circumstances Where Lecture/Explanation Work Best 1. Lesson begins with a motivation 2. Teacher maintains eye contact 3. Teacher supplies accentuating gestures but without extraneous movements 4. Presentation is limited to about 5-40 minutes depending on age of student 5. objective is clear and the presentation is easy to follow Demonstrations Lectures or explanations in which you model what you want students to learn. Behaviorism People's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments Reinforcement Increase a good behavior Punishment Decrease a bad behavior Positive (reinforcement or punishment) Giving something or adding something on Negative (reinforcement or punishment) Taking something away Positive reinforcement Giving the student something that he or she wants Negative reinforcement Take something away that the student does not want Positive punishment Giving the student something that he does not want Negative punishment Taking away something the student wants Extinction Decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of behavior Constructivism People construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world Social Learning Learning through interactions with other people Zone of Proximal Development People learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them Project-Based Learning (PBL) Giving an open-ended and complex problem to a group of students and having them try to figure out the best solution to the problem Project-Based Learning Steps 1. Learners are presented with a problem 2. Groups develop theories to explain the problem 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop plan Critical Theory Being critical of the prevailing view of society Critical Theory in Education Questioning how our educational system can best offer education to all people Humanism People want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential Self-Directed Learning Students learning what they want and need to learn. Passion for a subject will motivate students to learn Self-Evaluation Thoughtful assessment of one's own work. Teaches students to think about what they have done and what they can still do. Lifelong Learning Goal of education should be to create students who want to learn and know how to learn Pragmatism Education should be about life and growth Practical Learning Education should apply to the real world Experiential Learning Education should come through experience Progressivism Education comes from the experience of the child. Revolves around the child's needs Whole Child Teaching students to be good citizens, not just good learners Active Learning Curriculum is guided by the children Realism There is a true reality, and things exist whether humans perceive them or not