Test Bank for Ethics, Jurisprudence and Practice Management in Dental Hygiene 3rd Edition by Kimbrough

Test Bank for Ethics, Jurisprudence and Practice Management in Dental Hygiene 3rd Edition by Kimbrough Chapter One Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. Utilitarianism is concerned with a. rights. b. duties. c. happiness. d. the total amount of happiness in the world. e. privileges. 2. Kantian ethics is concerned with a. rights. b. duties. c. happiness. d. the total amount of happiness in the world. e. privileges. 3. Virtue ethics is based on theories from various philosophers, such as a. Rawls. b. Kant. c. Socrates. d. none of the above. 4. The first two utilitarian philosophers were a. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. b. Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. c. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. d. John Rawls and John Stuart Mill. 5. Virtue ethics is based on a. character traits. b. rights. c. duties. d. privileges. 6. Prima facie duties are determined by the present situation. a. true b. false 7. Utilitarians are concerned with consequences when making ethical decisions. a. true b. false 8. If person A has a right, then person B has a duty to ensure that right. a. true b. false 9. A privilege is granted only if certain conditions are met. a. true b. false 10. A deontological approach considers the benefit or happiness that would result from a decision, while a teleological approach does not consider the consequences. a. true b. false Short Answer/Fill-in: 1. A utilitarian who is concerned with individual acts is a/an utilitarian. 2. A utilitarian who is concerned with the best ways of acting in a given situation is a/an utilitarian. 3. The ethical studies that explore the nature of moral judgments and the structure of moral concepts are called . 4. A duty is a duty made obvious by the circumstances surrounding it. 5. is a position taken by a teleologist and is based on the notion that what matters is the result of an action. 6. Kant’s ethics, or theories, emphasize duties. 7. Utilitarians view social justice as a means to . 8. John Rawls is known for his theory of . 9. Utilitarianism is a theory. 10. ethics was advocated by early philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Matching: Match the description to one of the terms listed below. 1. A type of normative ethics that judges an action by its consequences. 2. A valid claim earned by effort and hard work. 3. A type of consequentialist theory. 4. A branch of normative ethics that emphasizes duties. 5. A discipline consisting of thoughts and ideas about morality. 6. A branch of ethics that recommends specific actions it considers justified. 7. A moral position that includes consequentialist theories. 8. A type of ethics that emphasizes a person’s character traits. 9. An obligation or action that ought to be done regardless of consequences. 10. A valid claim guaranteed by a society. a. privilege f. ethics b. virtue g. deontology c. duty h. teleology d. right i. utilitarianism e. normative j. consequentialism Chapter Two Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. Beneficence means a. to do what is good for yourself. b. to do no harm. c. to do what is good for others. d. faithfulness. 2. Nonmaleficence means a. to do no harm. b. to do only what is beneficial. c. to tell the truth. d. to do only what the patient accepts. 3. Autonomy may be restricted in cases of a. mental incompetence. b. minors. c. emergency. d. all of the above. 4. Self-determination is associated with a. autonomy. b. parentalism. c. beneficence. d. veracity. 5. A term closely associated with beneficence is a. nonmaleficence. b. maternalism. c. paternalism. d. veracity. 6. The basis of the Hippocratic oath is a. nonmaleficence. b. veracity. c. confidentiality. d. none of the above. 7. Disclosure of confidential information is allowed a. in an emergency. b. in order to protect third parties. c. when required by law. d. all of the above. 8. Veracity means usefulness. a. true b. false 9. There are laws that require the reporting of individuals with sexually transmitted diseases. a. true b. false 10. Confidentiality is both a legal duty and an ethical duty. a. true b. false Short Answer/Fill-in: 1. The use of standard precautions would be an application of the core value of . 2. Volunteering in a community oral health activity would be an application of the core value of . 3. Treating all patients equally, regardless of their social class, would be an application of the core value of . 4. Core values found in the Code of Ethics of health care providers are based on the oath. 5. The opposite of paternalism is . 6. is the term used for donating one’s professional services. 7. The ethical principle of is required to assess and determine priorities in health care. 8. Treating patients with respect and providing for informed consent is an example of the ethical principle of . 9. Another term for paternalism is . 10. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act considers privacy and the core value of . Matching: Match the description to one of the terms listed below. 1. Self-determination. 2. Doing what will benefit the patient. 3. Doing no harm. 4. Fairness. 5. Truthfulness. 6. Avoidance of disseminating or revealing any personal or private information. 7. Confidence in the truth or action. 8. Faithfulness to promises and obligations. 9. Usefulness of an action. 10. Making a decision for a patient. a. autonomy f. beneficence b. nonmaleficence g. justice c. confidentiality h. fidelity d. veracity i. trust e. paternalism j. utility Chapter Three Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. Documentation of the refusal of treatment should include a. documenting the information given to the patient. b. documenting that the patient understands the risks of refusing care. c. the signatures of the patient, health care provider, and witness. d. all of the above. 2. Informed consent upholds the ethical principle of a. autonomy. b. parentalism. c. confidentiality. d. documentation. 3. Informed consent involves telling the patient a. the diagnosis. b. the treatment alternatives. c. the risks involved for each treatment. d. all of the above. 4. Informed consent allows the patient to be a partner in treatment. a. true b. false 5. Informed consent includes the patient’s right to refuse treatment. a. true b. false 6. Signing the Notice of Privacy Protection as mandated by HIPAA is the same as signing an informed consent document for treatment. a. true b. false 7. Clinical dental hygienists, who perform invasive procedures, should know their HIV status. a. true b. false 8. According to some regulatory agencies, it may be necessary for dental hygienists to disclose their serologic status. a. true b. false 9. Researchers need only the approval of a child’s parents or legal guardians and not the consent of the child because children are considered minors. a. true b. false 10. Assent for a child age 5 would be different than assent for a minor age 15. a. true b. false Short Answer/Fill-in: 1. Informed consent consists of the health care provider giving a full disclosure of and the patient giving . 2. Name the requirements for informed consent. 3. By asking permission and informing the patient of the purposes of a photo, one is acting according to the ethical principles of and . 4. Patients are guaranteed information regarding their conditions through and the . 5. Name three individuals who should sign an informed refusal form. 6. When obtaining permission to take a photograph, what information should be given to the person being photographed if she or he is over 21 years of age and mentally competent? 7. Give examples in which permission would be needed for the use of a photograph. 8. Name a way to determine if patients understand information provided to them. 9. Provide two examples of ways photos can be altered to lessen identification or de- identify individuals. 10. The controversy over reporting the serologic status of dental hygienists involves for health care providers as opposed to informed consent for patients in knowing the health status of their treatment providers. Matching: Match the description to one of the terms listed below. 1. Agreement by a child to participate in research. 2. Ethical principle or core value necessary for informed consent. 3. Legal representative for a minor or incompetent patient. 4. Provider duties the patient can expect. 5. Verbally agreeing to a recommended procedure. 6. Signing a statement authorizing a recommended procedure. 7. Nonverbal or unwritten consent to a procedure. 8. Assuming the role of a parent who knows what is best for a patient. 9. Health care providers withholding information from patients. 10. Permission-granting body for research at an institution or by an agency. a. institutional review board f. expressed consent b. assent g. implied consent c. therapeutic privilege h. paternalism d. surrogate i. Patients’ Bill of Rights e. autonomy j. written consent Chapter Four Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. An ethical dilemma occurs when there is a conflict regarding a. professional decisions. b. legal issues. c. moral actions. d. none of the above. 2. Decision making for ethical dilemmas in dental hygiene practice involves a. a code of ethics and laws. b. critical thinking skills. c. rights and duties. d. all of the above. 3. Level III of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is the a. postconventional level. b. autonomous level. c. principled level. d. all of the above. 4. According to Kohlberg, most adults tend to operate at a. level I. b. level II. c. level III. d. level IV. 5. According to Kohlberg, children solve problems at a. stages 1 and 2. b. stages 2 and 3. c. stages 3 and 4. d. stages 5 and 6. 6. According to Kohlberg, a child behaves a certain way to a. avoid punishment. b. obtain rewards. c. earn approval. d. all of the above. 7. Nothing is needed for making ethical decisions in dental hygiene practice except a professional code of ethics. a. true b. false 8. The Code of Ethics can be used to justify a given solution to an ethical dilemma. a. true b. false 9. All legal actions are ethical and moral. a. true b. false 10. As one gathers the facts to solve an ethical dilemma in dental hygiene practice, a useful tool may be the state or provincial practice act. a. true b. false Short Answer/Fill-in: 1. A is a situation necessitating a choice between two equal, especially undesirable, alternatives. 2. Name Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development. 3. According to James Rest, , , and affect (or influence) moral thinking and moral behavior. 4. An ethical dilemma is a conflict between two moral obligations that are difficult to . 5. List the steps in decision making. 6. When solving an ethical dilemma, the selected course of action should be guided by . 7. In addition to the Code of Ethics, other means of solving ethical dilemmas can be obtained from . (list as many as possible) 8. In listing the pros and cons of possible alternatives or options to solve an ethical dilemma, one should consider not only the ethical ramifications but also . 9. When solving ethical dilemmas, one uses thought processes and problem-solving skills more than . 10. The more rational or the higher the level of moral reasoning an individual attains, the more the individual is . Matching: Match the description to one of the terms listed below. 1. Process that uses critical thinking skills to arrive at a judgment or conclusion. 2. Conflict between moral obligations that are difficult to reconcile. 3. Level I in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. 4. Level II in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. 5. Level III in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. 6. Social scientist who stressed cultural and societal influences in moral development. 7. Social scientist who emphasized the importance of education and personal experience in moral development. 8. Selecting the course of action. 9. Development of the moral values and standards of one’s group or society. 10. Situation necessitating a choice between two equal alternatives. a. dilemma f. decision making b. ethical dilemma g. postconventional c. cognitive development h. preconventional d. James Rest i. conventional e. Lawrence Kohlberg j. ethical position Chapter Five Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. Torts are a. criminal wrongs. b. civil wrongs. c. medical wrongs. d. none of the above. 2. Damages in civil court cases may be a. punitive. b. compensatory. c. nominal. d. all of the above. 3. Torts are a. intentional acts or unintentional acts. b. acts of omission or commission. c. a and b. d. none of the above. 4. The condition(s) necessary to prove malpractice is/are that a. there was an act of omission or commission. b. there was a failure to satisfy standard of care. c. there was harm or injury to the patient. d. all of the above. 5. The majority of dental hygienists in Canada have self-regulation, while the majority of dental hygienists in the United States do not have self-regulation. a. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. b. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true. c. Both statements are false. d. Both statements are true. 6. Written defamation is considered libel. a. true b. false 7. An illegal act against society is subject to criminal legal procedures. a. true b. false 8. General supervision of dental hygienists requires that a dentist be physically present when dental hygiene procedures are rendered. a. true b. false 9. A breach of contract does not necessarily involve harm. a. true b. false 10. Threatening to harm an individual is a. abandonment. b. assault. c. battery. d. defamation. Short Answer/Fill-in: 1. A is a civil wrong or action that brings harm to a person, property, or reputation. 2. Malpractice may be considered a tort because it causes to an individual. 3. Negligence is a form of . 4. Name the levels of supervision for dental hygienists. 5. and are two types of contracts. 6. Slander is defamation. 7. Direct supervision requires the dentist to be present during dental hygiene treatment. 8. Name the three conditions that bind contracts. 9. management is the term used to describe actions taken to prevent possible legal ramifications or any financial loss. 10. dentistry is the specialty that uses dental evidence in court cases. Matching: Match the description to one of the terms listed below. 1. To terminate treatment or refrain from seeing a patient. 2. Threatening to harm an individual. 3. Touching an individual with the intention to harm. 4. Common law determined by courts. 5. Statutory law that concerns offenses against an individual. 6. Statutory law that concerns offenses against society. 7. Oral defamation. 8. Written or published defamation. 9. Type of law that is enacted by legislation. 10. Professional negligence. a. assault f. abandonment b. battery g. malpractice c. libel h. slander d. civil law i. case law e. criminal law j. statutory law Chapter Six Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. The principle of distributive justice considers the allocation of health care resources according to an individual’s (or group’s) a. need. b. right. c. merit. d. all of the above. 2. A major barrier for Medicaid recipients wanting dental care is a. preventive care is not covered for adults. b. not all dentists accept Medicaid for payment of treatment. c. a and b. d. none of the above. 3. P.A.N.D.A. is an acronym for a coalition that increases awareness and education for a. partner abuse. b. spouse abuse. c. child abuse. d. elderly abuse. 4. The objective (or purpose) for introducing advanced training and education for dental hygienists to perform restorative procedures is a. to increase access to care. b. to create jobs for unemployed dental hygienists. c. to “grandfather” the preceptor dental hygienists. d. all of the above. 5. All access-to-care problems can be solved by decreasing the cost of care. a. true b. false 6. Universal health care would uphold the principle of distributive justice based on the theory that all members of society have an equal right to health care. a. true b. false 7. Time away from work due to the adoption of a child is granted through the Family and Medical Leave Act. a. true b. false 8. According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, it is the responsibility of the federal government, not the employer, to provide reasonable accommodations necessary for a disabled person to perform a job. a. true b. false 9. If a supervisor or employer does not act on a report of sexual harassment, then he or she can be held accountable to the same degree as the employee accused of the harassment. a. true b. false 10. Early and Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment procedures include dental screening for children receiving Medicaid benefits. a. true b. false Short Answer/Fill-in: 1. In the United States, Medicare, not Medicaid, is designed for a specific segment of the population; this group is the . 2. Changing laws regarding the supervision of dental hygienists may increase access to preventive dental hygiene services to an underserved population because a will not need to be present during treatment. 3. After recognizing and documenting, you should report possible child abuse to . 4. The most common abuse to the elderly is . 5. Identify one cultural barrier to access to care. 6. Name one way a dental hygienist can act as an advocate. 7. is U.S. federal government health care assistance, enacted by each state, for indigent or low-income persons. 8. is U.S. federal government health care assistance for individuals 65 years or older. 9. According to the Act, an individual cannot be discriminated against because of race, color, religion, national origin, gender, or pregnancy. 10. Intimate partner violence is also a term used for . Matching: Match the description to one of the terms listed below. 1. Health care for indigent or low-income individuals. 2. U.S. Federal government health care for individuals over 65 years of age. 3. Employer or supervisor is responsible for action of employee. 4. A form of managed care. 5. Equal treatment is a must for everyone. 6. Allocation of resources based on the most benefit and the least harm. 7. Limits referrals to specialists. 8. Set of criteria established by the U.S. government for nondiscrimination. 9. Concerned with the fair distribution of scarce resources among members of the population. 10. Need is not a prime factor in the distribution of resources. a. Civil Rights Act f. Medicaid b. Medicare g. respondeat superior c. capitation h. social justice d. egalitarian i. libertarian e. gatekeeper j. utilitarian Chapter Seven Test Name Multiple Choice/True-False: 1. During the 1970s and 1980s, dental schools began to understand the need to incorporate practice management courses into their curricula a. to increase the knowledge of the front office staff. b. so that the dentist could learn to manage staff members. c. as a required course in the many state practice acts. d. because the dental practice must operate like a small business. 2. Practice management consultants focus on business aspects of the practice. These include all of the following except a. profits. b. employee benefits. c. employee hiring criteria. d. production. 3. One of the reasons for failure of a practice management system implemented into any office might include that a. all staff members participate. b. the consultant fees are affordable. c. the system does not fit every aspect of the practice. d. all of the above. 4. Management of a practice that does not allow for open communication or exchange of ideas describes a. authoritative management b. participatory management c. chaotic management d. free rein management