ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate – 2023 / 100% solved/ Already passed

1. Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage: 2. Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function: 3. The Normal Cell Cycle: -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information 4. Interphase and Mitotic Phase: Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases 5. During interphase:: Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) 6. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap): -cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days 7. Synthesis Phase (S phase): -DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids) -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2-10 hours 8. Mitotic Phase (M phase): -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30-60 minutes 9. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from: -G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase 10. Restriction Point: -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return 11. G0 Phase (resting phase): -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in the human body reside in G0 12. -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase): -Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract 13. Cell Cycling Time: Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis 14. Cell cycle video and image: 15. Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control: -The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis