3-Netwerk Architectuur
Table of Contents
Fysieke laag..........................................................................................................................................4
Signalen en consepten......................................................................................................................4
Fourier:........................................................................................................................................4
Blokgolf:.....................................................................................................................................4
Periodieke signalen:....................................................................................................................5
Niet-Periodieken signalen:..........................................................................................................5
Bandbreedte:...............................................................................................................................5
Analoge en digitale transmissie.......................................................................................................6
Analoge transmissie....................................................................................................................6
Digitale transmissie.....................................................................................................................6
Ruis..................................................................................................................................................7
Transmissiecapaciteit.......................................................................................................................7
Nyquist........................................................................................................................................7
Shannon.......................................................................................................................................7
Data rate......................................................................................................................................7
Transmissiemedia............................................................................................................................8
TP................................................................................................................................................8
Uitvoeringen...........................................................................................................................9
Bekabeling............................................................................................................................11
Attenuation of Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) EXAMEN VRAAG................................................12
Crosstalk...............................................................................................................................12
Karakteristieke impedantie...................................................................................................13
COAX.......................................................................................................................................13
Standaarden..........................................................................................................................13
Fiber..........................................................................................................................................13
Verbindingen........................................................................................................................14
Sturing..................................................................................................................................14
Types....................................................................................................................................15
Soorten belangrijke dempingen............................................................................................15
Wavelength-division multiplexing WDM............................................................................16
Fiber problemen...................................................................................................................16
voordelen..............................................................................................................................16
nadeel....................................................................................................................................16
Datatransmissie..............................................................................................................................17
Asynchrone transmissie (RS232, RS422).................................................................................17
Frame synchronisatie............................................................................................................17
Synchrone transmissie...............................................................................................................18
3 aandacht punten voor een lijnconfiguratie te ontwikkelen................................................18
Synchronisatie......................................................................................................................18
Bandbreedte..........................................................................................................................18
DC Wander...........................................................................................................................18
Bitsynchronisatie..................................................................................................................19
BitSynchronisatie (klokcodering) in LAN...........................................................................20
BitSynchronisatie (DPLL) in WAN.....................................................................................22
1
, DPLL....................................................................................................................................25
Byte synchrone transmissie.......................................................................................................25
Bit synchrone transmissie.........................................................................................................26
P2P........................................................................................................................................26
Shared Meduim (Ethernet)...................................................................................................26
Token ring.............................................................................................................................26
Interface standaarden.....................................................................................................................27
Ethernet Frame..........................................................................................................................27
10 base 5, 2, T (Standaard Ethernet).........................................................................................28
100 base T, T4, TX, X, F (Fast Ethernet)..................................................................................29
1000 base SX, LX, CX, T (Gigabit Ethernet)...........................................................................30
10G base S, L, E, LX4, CR, T (Gigabit Ethernet)....................................................................31
Soorten versies fiber.............................................................................................................31
40/100G base.............................................................................................................................31
RS-232...........................................................................................................................................32
RS-422 P2P....................................................................................................................................32
RS-485 Multipoint.........................................................................................................................33
RS-485 Master-Slave.....................................................................................................................33
Wanneer afsluit weerstand?...........................................................................................................33
Data-Link laag....................................................................................................................................34
Functies..........................................................................................................................................34
Functies MAC................................................................................................................................34
Types “virtuele” verbindingen.......................................................................................................34
Types foutcontrole.........................................................................................................................35
FEC...........................................................................................................................................35
BEC...........................................................................................................................................36
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)........................................................................................36
Parity....................................................................................................................................36
Retransmissie.................................................................................................................................37
Idle RQ......................................................................................................................................37
Continuous RQ..........................................................................................................................37
Go Back N............................................................................................................................38
Selective Repeat (Impliciet, expliciet).................................................................................39
Flow Control..................................................................................................................................40
Transparantie..................................................................................................................................41
Bit oriented................................................................................................................................41
Data linklaag in LAN (LLC).........................................................................................................42
LLC (Logical Link Layer)........................................................................................................42
MAC layer (Media Access Control Layer)...............................................................................43
soorten..................................................................................................................................43
logische topologieën.............................................................................................................43
CSMA/CD.................................................................................................................................44
802.3 MAC op fysieke layers........................................................................................................45
Frame format.............................................................................................................................45
zender flowchart Ontvanger flowchart.....................................................................................46
10 base x....................................................................................................................................46
Functies tranciever...............................................................................................................46
10 base T..............................................................................................................................46
100 base x..................................................................................................................................47
Frame aanpassing.................................................................................................................47
2
, 1000 base x................................................................................................................................47
Evolutie in Ethernet.......................................................................................................................48
Ethernet VS IEEE802.3.................................................................................................................48
Verschil......................................................................................................................................49
Netwerk Laag.....................................................................................................................................50
IP-address.......................................................................................................................................50
Subnetting.................................................................................................................................50
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)....................................................................................51
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing).........................................................................................53
IP routing.......................................................................................................................................53
least cost routing.......................................................................................................................53
Routerings hierargie..................................................................................................................53
Soorten......................................................................................................................................53
Distance Vector.........................................................................................................................54
Conclusie..............................................................................................................................54
Link State Protocol....................................................................................................................54
Conclusie..............................................................................................................................55
H4 transportlaag.................................................................................................................................55
TCP................................................................................................................................................55
Frame.............................................................................................................................................56
Functies..........................................................................................................................................57
Sequentie........................................................................................................................................57
TCP start....................................................................................................................................57
TCP data....................................................................................................................................58
Slow start..............................................................................................................................59
TCP close..................................................................................................................................60
3 way close...........................................................................................................................60
4 way close...........................................................................................................................61
1 way close...........................................................................................................................62
3
, Fysieke laag
Signalen en consepten
Fourier:
Een signaal is te beschrijven als de som van een DC
component, een reeks sinussen en een reeks cosinussen van
de basisfrequentie. Het is te vinden in het frequentie spectrum
i.p.v. het tijdsspectrum.
Het gaat vooral over repetitieve signalen (herhaaldelijk in de tijd).
Dit noemen we harmonischen van een signaal.
∞
S (t)=A DC + ∑ ( An∗sin(2∗π∗n∗f ∗t)+ Bn∗cos(2∗π∗n∗f ∗t))
n=1
Bij elke harmonischen is het f ∗harmonischeOrde .
Bv. 5de harmonischen → f ∗5 .
Om de amplitude te vinden in de tijd →
T
1
A DC = ∫ s( t)dt Integraal nemen (oppervlakte) van de functie s(t).
T 0
T
2
A n= ∫ s (t)cos (2 π n f t)dt
T 0
4
De amplitude is π bij de grondgolf.
4 1
Bij de andere harmonische is dit π ∗
harmonischeOrde
De DC component treed op wanneer er een verschil is tussen de
positieve flank en de negatieve flank (geen opheffing).
Blokgolf:
Wanneer we een blokgolf bekijken in fourier dan zien we dat deze
oneindige sinussen of cosinussen heeft.
We hebben sinussen wanneer er geen spiegelbeeld is rond de y-
as. Anders kunnen we ook cosinussen hebben.
Hoe groot de vervorming van de blokgolf is, hangt af van het
aantal harmonische dat men doorlaat/ kan doorlaten. Meer
harmonische is beter. Een blokgolf heeft oneindig oneven
harmonischen.
4
Table of Contents
Fysieke laag..........................................................................................................................................4
Signalen en consepten......................................................................................................................4
Fourier:........................................................................................................................................4
Blokgolf:.....................................................................................................................................4
Periodieke signalen:....................................................................................................................5
Niet-Periodieken signalen:..........................................................................................................5
Bandbreedte:...............................................................................................................................5
Analoge en digitale transmissie.......................................................................................................6
Analoge transmissie....................................................................................................................6
Digitale transmissie.....................................................................................................................6
Ruis..................................................................................................................................................7
Transmissiecapaciteit.......................................................................................................................7
Nyquist........................................................................................................................................7
Shannon.......................................................................................................................................7
Data rate......................................................................................................................................7
Transmissiemedia............................................................................................................................8
TP................................................................................................................................................8
Uitvoeringen...........................................................................................................................9
Bekabeling............................................................................................................................11
Attenuation of Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) EXAMEN VRAAG................................................12
Crosstalk...............................................................................................................................12
Karakteristieke impedantie...................................................................................................13
COAX.......................................................................................................................................13
Standaarden..........................................................................................................................13
Fiber..........................................................................................................................................13
Verbindingen........................................................................................................................14
Sturing..................................................................................................................................14
Types....................................................................................................................................15
Soorten belangrijke dempingen............................................................................................15
Wavelength-division multiplexing WDM............................................................................16
Fiber problemen...................................................................................................................16
voordelen..............................................................................................................................16
nadeel....................................................................................................................................16
Datatransmissie..............................................................................................................................17
Asynchrone transmissie (RS232, RS422).................................................................................17
Frame synchronisatie............................................................................................................17
Synchrone transmissie...............................................................................................................18
3 aandacht punten voor een lijnconfiguratie te ontwikkelen................................................18
Synchronisatie......................................................................................................................18
Bandbreedte..........................................................................................................................18
DC Wander...........................................................................................................................18
Bitsynchronisatie..................................................................................................................19
BitSynchronisatie (klokcodering) in LAN...........................................................................20
BitSynchronisatie (DPLL) in WAN.....................................................................................22
1
, DPLL....................................................................................................................................25
Byte synchrone transmissie.......................................................................................................25
Bit synchrone transmissie.........................................................................................................26
P2P........................................................................................................................................26
Shared Meduim (Ethernet)...................................................................................................26
Token ring.............................................................................................................................26
Interface standaarden.....................................................................................................................27
Ethernet Frame..........................................................................................................................27
10 base 5, 2, T (Standaard Ethernet).........................................................................................28
100 base T, T4, TX, X, F (Fast Ethernet)..................................................................................29
1000 base SX, LX, CX, T (Gigabit Ethernet)...........................................................................30
10G base S, L, E, LX4, CR, T (Gigabit Ethernet)....................................................................31
Soorten versies fiber.............................................................................................................31
40/100G base.............................................................................................................................31
RS-232...........................................................................................................................................32
RS-422 P2P....................................................................................................................................32
RS-485 Multipoint.........................................................................................................................33
RS-485 Master-Slave.....................................................................................................................33
Wanneer afsluit weerstand?...........................................................................................................33
Data-Link laag....................................................................................................................................34
Functies..........................................................................................................................................34
Functies MAC................................................................................................................................34
Types “virtuele” verbindingen.......................................................................................................34
Types foutcontrole.........................................................................................................................35
FEC...........................................................................................................................................35
BEC...........................................................................................................................................36
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)........................................................................................36
Parity....................................................................................................................................36
Retransmissie.................................................................................................................................37
Idle RQ......................................................................................................................................37
Continuous RQ..........................................................................................................................37
Go Back N............................................................................................................................38
Selective Repeat (Impliciet, expliciet).................................................................................39
Flow Control..................................................................................................................................40
Transparantie..................................................................................................................................41
Bit oriented................................................................................................................................41
Data linklaag in LAN (LLC).........................................................................................................42
LLC (Logical Link Layer)........................................................................................................42
MAC layer (Media Access Control Layer)...............................................................................43
soorten..................................................................................................................................43
logische topologieën.............................................................................................................43
CSMA/CD.................................................................................................................................44
802.3 MAC op fysieke layers........................................................................................................45
Frame format.............................................................................................................................45
zender flowchart Ontvanger flowchart.....................................................................................46
10 base x....................................................................................................................................46
Functies tranciever...............................................................................................................46
10 base T..............................................................................................................................46
100 base x..................................................................................................................................47
Frame aanpassing.................................................................................................................47
2
, 1000 base x................................................................................................................................47
Evolutie in Ethernet.......................................................................................................................48
Ethernet VS IEEE802.3.................................................................................................................48
Verschil......................................................................................................................................49
Netwerk Laag.....................................................................................................................................50
IP-address.......................................................................................................................................50
Subnetting.................................................................................................................................50
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)....................................................................................51
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing).........................................................................................53
IP routing.......................................................................................................................................53
least cost routing.......................................................................................................................53
Routerings hierargie..................................................................................................................53
Soorten......................................................................................................................................53
Distance Vector.........................................................................................................................54
Conclusie..............................................................................................................................54
Link State Protocol....................................................................................................................54
Conclusie..............................................................................................................................55
H4 transportlaag.................................................................................................................................55
TCP................................................................................................................................................55
Frame.............................................................................................................................................56
Functies..........................................................................................................................................57
Sequentie........................................................................................................................................57
TCP start....................................................................................................................................57
TCP data....................................................................................................................................58
Slow start..............................................................................................................................59
TCP close..................................................................................................................................60
3 way close...........................................................................................................................60
4 way close...........................................................................................................................61
1 way close...........................................................................................................................62
3
, Fysieke laag
Signalen en consepten
Fourier:
Een signaal is te beschrijven als de som van een DC
component, een reeks sinussen en een reeks cosinussen van
de basisfrequentie. Het is te vinden in het frequentie spectrum
i.p.v. het tijdsspectrum.
Het gaat vooral over repetitieve signalen (herhaaldelijk in de tijd).
Dit noemen we harmonischen van een signaal.
∞
S (t)=A DC + ∑ ( An∗sin(2∗π∗n∗f ∗t)+ Bn∗cos(2∗π∗n∗f ∗t))
n=1
Bij elke harmonischen is het f ∗harmonischeOrde .
Bv. 5de harmonischen → f ∗5 .
Om de amplitude te vinden in de tijd →
T
1
A DC = ∫ s( t)dt Integraal nemen (oppervlakte) van de functie s(t).
T 0
T
2
A n= ∫ s (t)cos (2 π n f t)dt
T 0
4
De amplitude is π bij de grondgolf.
4 1
Bij de andere harmonische is dit π ∗
harmonischeOrde
De DC component treed op wanneer er een verschil is tussen de
positieve flank en de negatieve flank (geen opheffing).
Blokgolf:
Wanneer we een blokgolf bekijken in fourier dan zien we dat deze
oneindige sinussen of cosinussen heeft.
We hebben sinussen wanneer er geen spiegelbeeld is rond de y-
as. Anders kunnen we ook cosinussen hebben.
Hoe groot de vervorming van de blokgolf is, hangt af van het
aantal harmonische dat men doorlaat/ kan doorlaten. Meer
harmonische is beter. Een blokgolf heeft oneindig oneven
harmonischen.
4
