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Samenvatting - Hart En Vaten

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Een samenvatting van Hart en Vaten 1, gegeven in het eerste semester van Ba2 gegeven door H. Heidbuchel en enkele gastprofessoren

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May 18, 2023
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Number of pages
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2022/2023
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Ba2: Hart & Vaten 1
INTRODUCTIE: HET CARDIOVASCULAIR SYSTEEM ............................................................. 6

Unicellulair organisme ................................................................................................................................................... 6

Circulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Het cardiovasculair systeem .......................................................................................................................................... 6

Schikking van de organen/vaatbedden .......................................................................................................................... 7

Bloeddoorstroom doorheen het hart............................................................................................................................. 7

Verband druk, debiet en vaatweerstand ....................................................................................................................... 7

Distributie van het bloedvolume ................................................................................................................................... 8

Vasculair systeem .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

Wederzijdse afhankelijkheid ......................................................................................................................................... 8

Regulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Regeling van de arteriële bloeddruk .............................................................................................................................. 9


HARTFUNCTIE I– HARTCYCLUS ............................................................................................ 10

Bloedstroom doorheen het hart .................................................................................................................................. 10

Autonome innervatie van het hart .............................................................................................................................. 10

De hartcyclus ............................................................................................................................................................... 11

Hartausculatie ............................................................................................................................................................. 15


HARTFUNCTIE II – HARTDEBIET EN ZIJN DETERMINANTEN .......................................... 16

Hartdebiet ................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Hartslag & hartdebiet .................................................................................................................................................. 17


HARTFALEN – FYSIOPATHOLOGIE EN KLINIEK .................................................................. 24

Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Hartfalen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Oorzaken van hartfalen ............................................................................................................................................... 25

Morbiditeit en mortaliteit door hartfalen .................................................................................................................... 26

Natuurlijk ziekteverloop hartfalen ............................................................................................................................... 26


1

,Adaptatiemechanismen............................................................................................................................................... 26

Klachten ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Linker hartfalen: klinische manifestaties ..................................................................................................................... 28

Hartfalen: Klinische tekens .......................................................................................................................................... 29

RX Thorax .................................................................................................................................................................... 30

Acuut longoedeem ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

Rechter hartfalen ........................................................................................................................................................ 31

Echocardiografie .......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Behandeling hartfalen ................................................................................................................................................. 32


VASCULAIRE FUNCTIE I – ARTERIEEL .................................................................................. 36

Anatomie en functie .................................................................................................................................................... 36

Arteriële bloeddruk ..................................................................................................................................................... 38

Systeemvaatweerstand ............................................................................................................................................... 42


VASCULAIRE FUNCTIE II – ENDOTHEEL ............................................................................... 47

Opbouw en functie – algemeen ................................................................................................................................... 47

Functies ....................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Structuur ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Elektrofysiologie en Ca²+ regeling ................................................................................................................................ 48

Endotheel-afhankelijke relaxatie ................................................................................................................................. 49

Moduleren van de vaattonus....................................................................................................................................... 49

Hemostatische werking ............................................................................................................................................... 50

Gapvorming, oedeem en WBC migratie bij inflammatie .............................................................................................. 50

Angiogenese ................................................................................................................................................................ 51

Atherosclerose ............................................................................................................................................................ 52


VASCULAIRE FUNCTIE III – VENEUS ..................................................................................... 53

Veneuze druk .............................................................................................................................................................. 53

Veneuze terugkeer en hartdebiet ................................................................................................................................ 55


NEUROHUMORALE CONTROLE VAN HART EN CIRCULATIE I ....................................... 59


2

,Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59

Controle van het autonoom zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................... 59

Controle via de humorale factoren .............................................................................................................................. 67

‘Alles hangt aan elkaar’ ............................................................................................................................................... 69


NEUROHUMORALE CONTROLE II – CASUS SYNCOPE ....................................................... 70

Syncope ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70

Oorzaken syncope ....................................................................................................................................................... 71

Syncope: etiologie ....................................................................................................................................................... 75

Evaluatie syncope ........................................................................................................................................................ 75


NEUROHUMORALE CONTROLE III – INSPANNING ............................................................ 78

Cardiovasculaire veranderingen tijdens inspanning ..................................................................................................... 78


ORGAANDOORBLOEDING I – ORGAANPERFUSIE ............................................................... 82

Distributie van het hartdebiet over de organen ........................................................................................................... 82


ORGAANDOORBLOEDING II – CORONAIRE CIRCULATIE ................................................. 85

Coronaire arteriën ....................................................................................................................................................... 85

Coronaire circulatie ..................................................................................................................................................... 86

Coronaire stenose ....................................................................................................................................................... 90

Endotheeldysfunctie .................................................................................................................................................... 94

Stabiele angina pectoris .............................................................................................................................................. 94


ORGAANDOORBLOEDING III – ANDERE ORGAANCIRCULATIE ...................................... 98

Cerebrale circulatie...................................................................................................................................................... 98

Spiercirculatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 100

Huidcirculatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 101

Splanchnische circulatie............................................................................................................................................. 103

Renale circulatie ........................................................................................................................................................ 103

Longcirculatie/pulmonale circulatie .......................................................................................................................... 105

Cardiovasculair systeem en ruimtevaart .................................................................................................................... 110

Cardiovasculair systeem ............................................................................................................................................ 111

3

, Foetale circulatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 112


MICROCIRCULATIE................................................................................................................. 113

Functies ..................................................................................................................................................................... 113

Doorbloeding capillairen ........................................................................................................................................... 113

Transport doorheen de capillaire wand: 4 processen ................................................................................................ 113

Oedeemvorming ........................................................................................................................................................ 117

Regeling van de capillaire druk .................................................................................................................................. 119

Lymfevaten ................................................................................................................................................................ 119


ELEKTRISCHE ACTIVITEIT VAN HET HART ....................................................................... 121

Membraan exciteerbaarheid ..................................................................................................................................... 121

Cardiaal actiepotentiaal............................................................................................................................................. 127

Van actiepotentiaal naar P-QRS-T .............................................................................................................................. 134

Van actiepotentiaal naar ECG .................................................................................................................................... 135

Modulatie van het actiepotentiaal en klinische implicaties ....................................................................................... 139

Casus-uitleg en discussie ........................................................................................................................................... 144


MEDISCHE FYSICA CIRCULATIE: DRUK, FLOW & WEERSTAND .................................. 146

Doel circulatie............................................................................................................................................................ 146

Drukverschil, potentiaalverschil, weerstand en stroom ............................................................................................. 146

Elasticiteit .................................................................................................................................................................. 154

Ruimtevaart .............................................................................................................................................................. 160


KLINISCH ONDERZOEK – HARTTONEN EN HARTGERUIS .............................................. 161

Klinisch onderzoek..................................................................................................................................................... 161


ACLS ............................................................................................................................................ 168

Elektrische therapie bij ritmestoornissen: cardioversie/defibrillatie ......................................................................... 168

Plotse dood ............................................................................................................................................................... 169

Life support ............................................................................................................................................................... 170


BLOEDVATEN – ANATOMIE ................................................................................................... 177


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