Final CCHT Exam questions correctly answered 2023

Final CCHT Exam questions correctly answered 2023 Abscess - correct answer An abscess is an infection under the skin. It looks lika blister or pimple filled with fluid or pus. If needles are inserted into or near an abscess, infection of a dialysis access or other tissues may occur. Access - correct answer An access -vascular access- is a route into the bloodstream that allows enough blood flow for hemodialysis. For permanent access, a surgeon connects a vein to an artery. This can be done directly - fistula- or with a piece of synthetic tubing - graft. For short term access, a catheter may be placed in a large central vein. - correct answer Acid - correct answer An acid is substance with a pH below 7.0 that can donate a hydrogen ion -H+. In the human body, acids form when protein and other foods are broken down by cell metabolism. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - AIDS - correct answer Acute Kidney Failure - correct answer Acute kidney failure has a sudden onset. It is most often caused by an illness, injury, or toxin that stresses the kidneys. Some patients who survive acute kidney failure can recover kidney function. Others die or go on to develop chronic kidney failure. Alum - correct answer Alum is an aluminum compound. It is often added to city water supplies to remove sediment and make the water clearer. Aluminum can build up in the bodies and brains of dialysis patients. Aluminum in dialysis water must be kept at low levels with water treatment. - correct answer Aluminum-Related Bone Disease - ARBD - correct answer ARBD is cause by long-term exposure to aluminum. Aluminum builds up in the tissues at the point where new bone forms and be seen on X-ray. Sources of aluminum include dialysis water, medications, and cookware. Phosphate binders with aluminum are also a source, but these are rarely used today. Symptoms of ARBD can include deep bone pain, muscle weakness, and fractures. - correct answer Amyloidosis - correct answer Amyloidosis occurs when aproteingcalled beta-2-microglobulin -B2M- builds up in soft tissues, bones, and joints. The deposits can cause joint and or bone pain. High-flux membranes and or noctournal hemodialysis remove more B2M, which may help prevent or treat this problem. Anaphylaxis - correct answer Anaphylaxis is a fast severe immune response to an allergen. Hives, itching, or wheezing may occur. Anaphylactic shock may cause blood pressure drop; change in heart rhythms or arrest; and swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat. This problem can be fatal. Anastomosis - correct answer An anastomosis is a surgical connection beteen two blood vessels. Dialysis needles should not be inserted into the area of the anastomosis in a fistual or graft. Adsorb - correct answer Adsorb means to attract and hold. The dialyzer membrane adsorbs blood proteins to the walls of the hollow fibers during a treatment. This can make reused dialyzers more biocompatible than new ones - if bleach is not used to remove the protein coating. - correct answer Advance Directives - correct answer Advance directives outline a patient's wishes for medical treatment in case he or she becomes too ill to make such choices. A living will is one type of advance directive. The patient's family and other members of the care team should be told of the patient's wishes when an advance directive is done and given a copy to keep. - correct answer Afferent - correct answer means toward an organ. Air Detector - correct answer The air - or foam detector checks blood in the venous line of the extracorporeal circuit for air. Air in a patient's bloodstream can stop the blood flow or heartbeat, causing death. If the detector finds air, an alarm will sound, the blood pump will stop, and the venous bloodline will clamp to keep air from reaching the patient. - correct answer Air Embolism - correct answer An air embolism occurs when air bubbles enter the bloodstream and flow into a vessel small enough to be blocked by the air. The air in the vessel acts like a clot, blocking the flow of blood. Dialysis machines have an air detector on the venous bloodline to help prevent this problem, which can be fatal. - correct answer Albumin - correct answer Albumin is a blood protein. Lo serum albumin levels -<3.5 g/dL- may mean a patient is undernourished. Malnutrition is a common in dialysis patients and raises their risk of death. Anemia - correct answer Anemia is a shortage of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. It causes sever fatigue, trouble with metal focus, reduced immune function, and many other problems. Anemia is common in kidney failure due to less erythropoietin, iron deficiency, and loss of blood through tests and dialysis itself. - correct answer Anesthetic - correct answer An anesthetic is a drug that numbs the body to reduce pain. Local anesthetics can be injected into a spot, such as the skin around a puncture site, before needle placement. Or, gels or creams can be put on the skin to prevent pain at that site. Aneurysm - correct answer An aneurysm is a ballooning or bulging of a weak spot in a blood vessel. Severe bleeding can occur if an anerurysm ruptures, so great care must be taken with a patient who has one. Aneurysms can occur if needles are placed too often into the small area of a fistula. Angioplasty - correct answer Angioplasty is a procedure to open a narrowed blood vessel - stenosis. It may be used for vascular access repair. A small balloon is threaded through the vessel into the access and gently inflated to push the walls of the vessel open. Anion - correct answer An anion is a negatively-charged ion. Antegrade - correct answer Antegrade means forward-moving. In dialysis, it means in the direction of blood flow. The venous needle should always be placed antegrade. The arterial needle is placed antegrade or retrograde, though there is some evidenc that antegrade is better. . Anticoagulant - correct answer An anticoagulant is a blood-thinning drug used to keep clots from forming. Anticoagulants, such as heperain, are used to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circuit during hemodialysis. Antidiuretic Hormone- ADH - correct answer Antidiuretic hormone - ADH or vasopressin- is released by the pituitary gland in the brain. ADH helps prevent excess fluid loss by telling healthy kidneys to reabsorb water. ADH also tells the blood vessels to constrict - tighten. Apical Pulse - correct answer The apical pulse is felt on the chest wall over the heart. Apnea - correct answer Apnea is a period when breathing stops. Arterial Pressure - correct answer In hemodialysis, arterial pressure is measured in the extracorporeal circuit between the arterial needle and the dialyzer. Pre-pump arterial pressure is measured from the patient's access to the blood pump. Post-pump arterial pressure is measured after the blood pump, but before the dialyzer. - correct answer Arrhythmia - correct answer An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat. It may be felt as an extra pulse or heard over the heart.