Cardiac/Vascular nursing exam Latest Update

Cardiac/Vascular nursing exam Ascending Aorta - -begins from the aortic valve and extends from the left ventricle of the heart to the aortic arch. -Supplies the Coronary Arteries Aortic Arch - Supplies the Brachiocephalic Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, and the Left Subclavian Artery Descending Aorta - major portion of the aorta that extends from the aortic arch to the trunk of the body. It forms the thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta. Coronary Arteries and the myocardium are perfused during - diastole P- wave represents - atrial depolarization Q wave represents - beginning of ventricular depolarization Inferior chest leads - II, III, aVF RCA occlusion Anterior chest leads - V3, V4 LAD occlusion Septal chest leads - V1, V2 LAD occlusion Lateral chest leads - I, aVL, V5,V6 Circumflex occlusion T wave represents - ventricular repolarization Sympathetic nervous system releases - norepinephrine ( causes pupil dilation, increased sweating, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure) Parasympathetic nervous system releases - acetylcholine (decreases heart rate, decreases blood pressure, pupils constrict, increases digestion and urinary output) RCA supplies - Right atrium, right ventricle, SA/AV nodes, posterior portion of right bundle branch Occlusion causes AV blocks and bradycardias Circumflex artery supplies - side wall of the left ventricle and posterior portion of Left bundle branch LAD supplies - Anterior portion of heart, portion of the septum, left ventricle, left bundle branch Occlusion causes BBB's, Vtach, Vfib Peripheral vascular resistance - a resistance to the flow of blood determined by the tone of the vascular musculature and the diameter of the blood vessels. It is responsible for blood pressure when coupled with stroke volume. Cardiac output - Stroke volume x heart rate Preload - volume returned to the heart. The force exerted on the walls of ventricle at the end of diastole Contractility - force of myocardial contraction After load - pump or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to open the semilunar valves normal stroke volume - 60-130 mL's each beat 4-6 L per minute Frank-Starling's Law of the Heart - to a point, the greater the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, the more forceful the cardiac contraction Estrogen - decreases LDL oxidation, promotes endothelial vasodilation and enhances glucose metabolism # 1 risk factor of stroke - HTN Sleep Apnea - causes decreased cerebral perfusion, increases coagulability and diurnal HTN Prehypertension - 120-139 mmHg/ 80-89 mmHg Hypertension stage 1 - BP greater than 140-159mmHg/ 90-99 mmHg Abdominal obesity - waist circumference greater than 40inches in men smh 35 inches in women AHA exercise recommendations - 30-60 minutes of vigorous activity 3-4 days/week at 50-75% of maximum heart rate for healthy people Hypertension stage 2 - SBP 160 mmHg or DBP 100 mmHg Stage 1 treatment for uncomplicated HTN - Thiazide diuretics DASH diet - 27% Fat (less than 8% from saturated