AP European History Questions and Answers Already Passed. Rated A

AP European History Questions and Answers Already Passed. Rated A Document Content and Description Below AP European History Questions and Answers Already Passed Russian German Reinsurance Treaty Wilhelm didn't renew this agreement between Russia and Germany causing Russia to feel very insulted Allied Powers ww1 Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy (later), and US (later) Central Powers ww1 Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire Morocco Crisis After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference- German bullying forced England and France closer. Germany gained nothing. Algeciras Conference International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French get Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat. Balkan Crisis Austro-Hungaria invade Balkans to put down Nationalistic sentiments there and in their own country. Russia gets involved because Serbia asked. Germany comes in and forces Russia to back down Balkan War Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I. Black Hand A terrorist group that believes that Sebians will be equal to Russia They shoot the Archduke Ferdinand or Austria which makes the Austrians pressure Germany to start moblizing a war effortSchlieffen Plan Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. Gallipoli Campaign Allied plan to take a peninsula near the Dardanelles to lock the Ottomans out of the war and make an easy travel route to supply Russia. This was a huge failure for the Allies Naval Front during WW1 British wipe out the entire German navy in 6 months and then blockade Gernmany so they starve Trench Warefare characterized fighting on the western front of WW1. soldiers fought in rows of trenches dug out of the earth. Little Movement. Lots of rats, maggots, flies and rotting bodies. Eastern Front in World War I, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks Armenian Genocide The Ottoman Empire eradicates 2 million Armenians in order to gain support from their country. They use the excuse that they are in conspiring with the Russians. Hitler is inspired by this genocide Lawrence of Arabia An extremely talented linguist in the British Empire who convinces Arab Nations to revolt against the Ottoman Empire by using his attractiveness. He claims that he never knew that the British Empire was going to make these nations British protectorates Protectorate A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. The outside power can extract resources Ghandi Encourages Indian people to sign up for WW1 so that they can potentialy gain independence from Britain. Indian people also join because it brings honor to their caste and theyhave a strong sense of duty to the King. This causes the Brits to have a very multi-cultural fighting force Zimmerman Note This note was suposidly sent to Mexico and intercepted by the British in which Germany says that if Mexico will attack America, they will give Mexico parts of America. This is used to justify America's entry into WW1 Shell Shock Medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to the distressing experiences of trench warfare. Fourteen Points The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. League of Nations A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. Treaty of Versailles Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) A lot of Germany land is given to the British. Germany agrees to this because they are starving from the British blockade Scottish Women's Hospitals Set up 14 hospitals on all non-British Allied Fronts. Was staffed by 600 British female volunteers and were very badass. Some even joined the Serbian infantry and won decorations for their braveryWeimar Republic The Weimar Republic is a name given by historians to the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. The Sykes Picot Agreement Guarentees that British and France will own protectorates all over the Ottoman Empire Fora Sandes Created the Scottish Women's Hospitals and was decorated for bravery with an officers commission when she joined the Serbian infantry Arab Revolt Makes an agreement with the british, arabs revolt with help of british against the ottomans, makes 1 arab nation, king of Syria=faisal. Revolt from Mecca against the ottomans Nicholas II Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin. Trans-Siberian Railroad constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. Czarina Alexandria Granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Czarina married to Nicholas II. She is easily influenced by Rasputin Mensheviks One faction of the Social Democrat Political Party. They want to constitutionally overthrow the Czar and establish a new republic Bulshaviks Majority faction of the Social Democrat Political Party who are actually the political minority in Russia. They want a revolution with no discussion, all about action.Russo-Japanese War This war is started as a way to increase political support for the Czar. However, it is a huge embarrassment as Russia is not as industrialized as Japan and they are completely unprepared. Russia loses horribly once America gets involved. Revolution of 1905 result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. Bloody Sunday Thousands of women and children march peacefully to the Czar's palace. The Czar gives the order not to shoot the protesters however, one soldier does which turns the march into a horrific massacre. October Manifesto In response to Bloody Sunday, the Czar establishes a parliament with elected officials, a constitution, and legal political parties Duma The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like. Fundamental Laws Negates the October Manifesto by giving the Czar absolute authority over all government institutions Rasputin Skillfully moves through the political system until he is a part of the elite circle by being a mystic Russian Orthodox Monk. He somehow cures Alexi's hemophilia whivh allows him to become a confidant of the Czar. Until his assassination, he is able to manipulate the czar which discredits the vitality of the czar as he is often viewed as a demon March Revolution In 1917, Troops go against Czar's orders by refusing to fire on Russian protesters. As a result of this revolution, the Romanov dynasty was removed from power after 300 years of autocratic rule and replaced with the provisional government led by Alexander KerenskiProvisional Government A temporary, moderate government established after the overthrow of the Czar. Not popular as there is still mass starvation Alexander Karinski Ruler of the Provisional Government. He is a moderate bourgeoisie who wants a moderate empire with minimal change. He promises an election in November November Revolution Lenin overthrows Karinski and the provisional government and instates the Soviet union and communism. Lenin increases support by allowing small republics to remain independent but still answer to Russia Leninist Doctrine western europe was ripe for revolution, a marxist seizure of russia would precipitate such take overs elsewhere, and these in turn would help russia to bypass the capitalist stage Russia under Lenin Pulls out of WWI, decrease starvation, tamper election results for a moderate republic, dissolve Russian Orthodox Church and add all assets to the national treasury, execute Czar's family Russian Civil War Conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army. War Communism A system introduced under Bolshevik rule after 1917 which involved land being seized and redistributed, factories given to the workers, banks being nationalized, and church property being granted to the state. This was enforced by the Cheka. Fails and changes to NEP New Economic Policy Peasants are allowed to make a small profit from their excess growth by selling 20% of their crops. Allows for a small improvement in economic conditionsTrotski Educated and intelligent Jew who works with Lenin by toning down Lenin's policy and speeches. He wants an ideal, Utopian future Stalin Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition. Shrewd negotiator who befriends Trotski in order to gain political influence Five-Year Plan Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. The Purge Trials Stalin was paranoid and convinced himself of plots within the party and government to unseat him. Gregori Rasputin He held great influence over the Romanov family due to his mystic healing. This led to distrust of Nicholas and Alexandra Decline of Western Civilization This book causes an identity crisis in Europe as it questions gender, psychological trauma, economic prowess, and Social Darwinism. Friedrich Nietzshce Attributed t the decline of Western Civilization and t the slave morality of Christian ethics Lost Generation Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe Dawes Act This relieves some pressure in Europe by transferring the debt from WWI onto America. European nations must pay America backPoincare French Prime Minister after WWI who takes the Ruhr Valley as France's economy is in ruins and they cannot support their colonies Maginot Line Line of defense built by France to protect against German invasion on the eastern border. Stretched from Belgium to Switzerland. Ruhr Valley Crisis A crisis in which Germany is unable to pay reprimands and France seizes German land which creates a major economic crisis in Germany as inflation rises to 4.2 trillion Deutsche Marks to $1 Beer Hall Putsch In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf. King Victor Emmanuel II Constitutional Monarch who unified italy, and peacefuly let Mussolini take italy to avoid a much greater conflict Fascist Party Hitler bases his party off of this party. Operates on the premise that capitalism has free reign but companies have to support the government. State sponsored capitalism. Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. Lateran Treaty Recognized the Vatican as an independent state, also agreed to give the Vatican heavy financial support. This led the Pope to urge his fellow catholics to support Mussolini. Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943.Black Shirts A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy. Bully people into voting for Mussolini and kills any opposition Acerbo Law This allows Mussolini to gain great political power. It says that whoever gets the largest majority in Parliament automatically gets 2/3 of the seats. Irish Republican Army (IRA) a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland. They eventually gain independence and home rule Sinn Fein Irish nationalist party that in 1918 declared themselves the representative government for an independent Irish republic. Political arm of the IRA Quit India Ghandi's peaceful, Enlightened Resistance to British Rule in India. Easter Uprising Insurrection staged in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republican brotherhood with the aim of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing the Irish Republic. Its leaders were court-martialled and executed. This opened the door to Irish nationalism and the eventual downfall of the British presence in Ireland Amritsar Massacre British soldiers fired upon a group of nonviolent, Indian protestors killing men, women and children in the crowd. Amritsar marked a turning point in the Indian independence movement Egyptian Revolution of 1919 They fought for independence from Britain's power and it eventually led to Britain's recognition of Egypt as an independent state in 1922. Stanley Baldwin Conservative prime minister between wars , broke general strike, sought to diminish class conflict while defending social orderRamsey McDonald British Prime Minister who creates a version of the social welfare state by socializing government services but keeping a capitalist economy Werner Heisenberg A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities. Great Depression Starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries which causes a collapse of the global trading system. Dust Bowl Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. Keynesian Economics Government stimulation will save the economy. It is controversial between historians if this method of policy or WWII jump started the economy after the GD Nazi Party German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. The party restored a robust healthcare system, worker compensation and a strong military in Germany Brown Shirts Hitler's private army of supporters who intimidated people into voting for Hitler Sturmabteilung or the SA The SA, or Nazi party militia that was used to defend the Nazis in meeting halls or to break up the meetings of other partiesSchutzstaffel or the SS Special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925 Dachau First concentration camp in Germany for political prisoners; the response wasn't as good as Hitler hoped; led to concentration camps outside of Germany Enabling Act Enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament The New Order Hitlers idea of having one master race, the Aryan race. Slavic People would become slaves for the Nazi order, France would become second class and hold middle management positions, Mediterranean groups were the hard laborers, British and America would become partners in the Reich, and Africa will be exterminated Mein Kampf "My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in , in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany Night of the Long Knives Series of political murders by Nazi regime of those not in Hitler's party & members of Nazi party who Hitler thought were disloyal Nuremburg Laws First phase of Jewish eradication which defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood. Star of David An Education for Death Disney created this exaggerated, American propaganda against the Nazi Empire Command Committees AKA Five Year Plan, Stalin passes this which decides the necessary amount of any product the entire nation needs every year. The quotas do not reflect actual demandCommand Economy Stalin implements hardcore Communism which is successful because it mobilizes Russia by putting an emphasis on heavy industry Party Purge Stalin kills 80% of the original Communist Party in order to get rid of political opposition December Decrees Political opposition could be accused without evidence and they could be sentenced immediatly. Stalin comes up with fake show trials where he forces people to admit to treason Constitution of 1936 Promises universal childcare and that the family is more important than the state, this assures that you can stay home and take care of your family if you need to. This calms people down and helps them rally around Stalin as a leader Non-Agression Pact Says that Hitler and Stalin will not invade each other. This is terrifying for the rest of the world Ukraine Famine The dreadful famine that engulfed Ukraine, the northern Caucasus, and the lower Volga River area in was the result of Joseph Stalin's policy of forced collectivization. 2-3 million dead. League of Nations Attempted government pact that fails due to lack of funding Munich Conference Meeting between British,French,and German leaders in which Germany was given control of the Sudetenland in exchange for German leader Hitler's promise to make no more claimes on European territory Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty Mussolini and Hitler join togetherFrancisco Franco Fascist dictator in Spain who allows Hitler to practice his Blitzkrieg tactics in Spain Blitzkrieg German strategy in which planes go in first and bomb the city which then allows the men to go in and be much more successful. This reduces the need for supply lines and allows them to take Poland in 3 days General Petain Antisemetic ruler of France who created the Vichey Government Vichey Government Adopts all of Hitlers policies with little to no resistance. Voluntarily builds concentration camps. Puppet government for the Nazis Mousley Creates a Fascist movement in Britain which only gains 100 members George VI Took over as king when his brother abdicated. His reign witnessed WWII, the independence of India and Pakistan and the foundation of the Republic of Ireland. Known for his famous speech which rallies the colonies of Britain around the war effort Royal Air Force German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were Miracle of Dunkirk Retreating British forces were trapped between the advancing Nazis and the waters of the English Channel. The British sent all available naval vessels, merchant ships, and even fishing and pleasure boats across the channel to pluck stranded troops off the beaches of Dunkirk and Ostend. Despite German air attacks, the improvised armada ferried more than 300,000 troops to safety in Britain. However, Britain lost 2/3 of their supplies The Blitz Hitler believes he can bomb London into submission so it lasts for 53 days. 177,000 people die but it hardens the British against the GermansHwdamonic Shift The British Empire cannot maintain its colonies so they somewhat peacefully transition in 20 years Non-Agression Pact Pact between Germany and Soviet Union not to attack each other- broken by Germany Proxy Wars During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants - but did not directly attack the other superpower. Neville Chamberlain British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany Winston Churchill A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. Clement Atlee British Prime Minister after World War II who prioritized social welfare and created a welfare state with nationalization, social security, and socialized medicine Postdam Conference This is the conference where Stalin, Truman, and Churchill came together to decide how Germany would be administered. Their goals were to establish order, settle peace treaty issues, and deal with the effects of WWII. Casablanca Conference FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to partitioning of Germany, creation of the UN, Nuremberg trials, USSR will join war against Japan Nuremberg Trials A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. Potsdam Conference Agree that all nations will have free elections in Russian occupied territories however communism won in all countries Satellite Nations Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Czech, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany Marshall Plan USA gave 2 billion to European Nations for rebuilding. This provided a way for American to retain democratic allies. Berlin Air Lift USSR cuts off American contact with Berlin so Americans fly over it and drop bombs of candy, toys and American Propoganda. This increases supports for America so USSR is forced to open up Berlin again NATO This is the single largest threat to Russia as it is extremely powerful against attack from Russia Warsaw Pact Created in response to NATO however it is nowhere near as possible Arms Race Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons United Nations Created after WW2 to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.Security Council US, Russia, Britain, China and France have the power to veto anything. Eduard Benes Progressive leader of the Czech who is dismissed from power and then his second is mysteriously killed Marshall Tito Communist leader of Yugoslavia who opens up trade in the west which made Stalin furious Nicolae Ceausescu This militant communist leader of Romania attempted to keep his power by force, but was defeated and sent to the Hague to be executed by demand of a military court Gulags Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in easter Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died. Krushchev Elected leader of Russia after Stalin's death who actively participated in DeStalinization efforts. Ends Cult of Personality and advocates for multinational communism and peaceful coexistance. Willingly steps down from power Secret Speech Khrushchev revealed the existance of a letter written by Lenin that was very critical of Stalin; used to denounce Stalin's rules & practices. Published outside of USSR and eventually make it into Russia De-Stalinization Program Denounces Stalin and begins a policy of Liberalization Cult of Personality Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual.The Thaw Khrushchev's greater measure of cultural and intellectual freedom to get support of the people who wanted change Gomulka leader of Poland; tested the boundaries of autonomy; wanted Poland to have its own path to socialism; fear of the USSR caused him to stay in the Warsaw Pact Sputnik First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in techn