Summary African Americans: OCR A-Level History - Civil Rights in the USA ()

Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992

African Americans: o State gov. ☹
o UNIA 1916 (2 million members)
1865-1877
o NAACP 1909 (90,000+ members)
 Social Rights o MARCUS GARVEY 😊
o Segregation  Political Rights
o Black Codes o No voting (lit. tests)
o Reconstruction o S. Democrat ‘block’ ☹
o KKK ☹ o Reluctant presidents
o Southern States ☹ o Representation in north (OSCAR DE
 Political Rights PRIEST – congress) 😊
o Jim Crow laws ☹  Economic Rights
o AA in congress o Less money in education
o Right to vote o Increase in job demands
 Economic Rights o New Deal (Roosevelt) 😊
o Poverty o Depression
o Sharecropping
1941-1954
o Johnson ☹
o Grant 😊  Social Rights
o Desegregation of MOST schools
1877-1915 GILDED AGE
o More opposition from whites
 Social Rights o KKK
o Mississippi v. Williams 1898 (VR, o PHILIP RANDOLPH 😊
literacy tests, ‘grandfather clause’) o THURGOOD MARSHALL 😊
o AA institutions  Political Rights
o More in education o 10% more AA voting
o IDA WELLS 😊 o Smith vs Allwright 1944 (states
o WASHINGTON (‘dip your bucket’, cannot restrict voters on the basis of
self-help) 😊 race)
o DU BOIS 😊 o Brown vs. Board 1954 (racial seg. in
 Political Rights schools UNCONSTITUTIONAL)
o Poll Tax o NAACP more successful in courts
o VR o Executive Orders
o States own rule  Economic Rights
o Jim Crow ☹ o Increase in employment after New
o Supreme Court ☹ Deal
 Economic Rights o WW2 created jobs for AA
o AA Middle class
1954-1965 BLACK POWER
o Sharecropping
 Social Rights
1915-1941 NEW DEAL o Boynton vs. Virginia 1960 (no
 Social Rights segregation on public transport)
o Poverty o Civil Rights Act 1957
o Lack of opposition o Civil Rights Act 1964
o Segregation in s. states o Little Rock Nine 1957 (nine students
o De-facto discrimination (north) prevented from entering school)
o De-jure discrimination (south) o CORE
o KKK re-emerges (‘Birth of a Nation’) o NAACP
☹ o Bull Connor ☹
o Congress ☹ o MLK 😊