Summary Native Americans: OCR A-Level History - Civil Rights in the USA

Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992

Native Americans: 1969-1992

1865-1900  NARF (SC. Cases, tribal culture)
 Mount Rushmore 1971
 No control over funding
 Wounded Knee
 No votes
 BIA
 Not all wanted assimilation
 Pine Ridge
 Reservations limited land
 Charrier vs. Bell 1986
 Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890
 Nixon pledge to return NA lands (1970) 😊
 Reservation policy
 Fisher vs. Montana 1979 (adoption)
 Dawes Act 1887
 Reagan – reduced funding ☹
 Plains Wars
 Carter – Child Welfare Act 1978 (religious
 Battle at Little Bighorn 1876
freedoms)
 Dance Orders (banned all NA dancing and
 Nixon – Indian Self-determination Act
ceremonies)
1975 😊
 Lost 2/3 land through Dawes Act
 NA appointed as commissioner for Indian
 Some successful farmers, e.g. Navajos
Affairs
1900-1945  Termination ended
 Gov. funding
 IRA (stops sale of NA land)  Education Act 1972 😊
 75/245 tribes voted against IRA
 NCIA 1944 (similar to NAACP)
 Society of American Indians 1911 (largely
fails)
 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 1903 (congress
change treaties w/out consultation)
 War – changed some attitudes
 Assimilation remained
 Meriam report (gov. policy)
 Tribal councils asked to vote on IRA
 Indian Citizenship Act 1924

1945-1969

 Poverty (life expec. only 44)
 NA songs/books
 NIYC (sit-ins)
 AIM (Alcatraz 1969)
 Still assimilation (until LBJ)
 Indian Civil Rights Act 1968 (full access to
US Bill of Rights – freedom of religion etc.)
 ICC (slow process)
 Termination – accelerated urbanisation
 LBJ (‘Forgotten Americans’ speech) 😊