Summary African Americans: OCR Civil Rights in the USA ()

African Americans Civil Rights Review


1865-1877:

 Abolition of slavery – 1865, 13th Amendment
1954-1965:
 Reconstruction – North rule over South
 Little Rock – prevented 9 students entering school, fed. troops intervened
 Andrew Johnson – opposed to abolition of slavery
 CR Act 1957 – set up CR commission, investigated racial discrimination
 14th & 15th Amendments – outlawed discrimination
 MLK – Birmingham, Alabama, March on Washington, March on Selma, ‘I have a dream’ speech
 CR Act – 1866, promised legal equality
 SCLC – set up by MLK, led Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Freedman’s Bureau – promote welfare/equality
 Montgomery Bus Boycott – Rosa Parks, AA boycotted buses (for 1 year), bus companies went bankrupt,
 Sharecropping – AA working on white peoples farms (get housing etc)
had to desegregate buses
 Black Codes – laws in south to control freed slaves
 JFK – good for AA, prepared CR/VR Acts before death
 Ulysses Grant – liked/supported AA, enforced anti-KKK bill
 James Meredith – wasn’t allowed to enter Mississippi University, fed. troops intervened
 Emergence of the KKK – emerged in South, 2000 deaths in Louisiana alone, lynchings/violence
 SNCC – ‘sit-ins’, 1962
 Hayes Tilden Compromise – ended Reconstruction, withdrew federal troops from South
 CORE – challenged segregation directly, 1942
 Birmingham, Alabama – ‘Bull’ Connor, attacking of CR protestors
1877-1915:
March on Washington – led by MLK, aim was to encourage CR Act, middle-classes, ¼ supporters were
white

 LBJPlessy vs Ferguson
– passed CR/VR –Acts
1896,
(onBAD, ‘separate
behalf of JFK) but equal’ facilities for AA and whites, segregation
 Civil
Jim Crow
Rightslaws
Act –– 1964,
state laws, enforcenoracial
LBJ passed, segregation
segregation on basis of race
 Selma
Booker– T. Washington
Selma, Alabama, – AA should
march prove themselves,
to Montgomery ‘dipfaced
(capital), your bucket’
white violence, right to vote, confused
 VRWEB Du Bois
Act of 1965– established NAACP (1909), wanted to challenge white supremacy



1915-1945:
1965-1992:
 Marcus Garvey – set up the ‘Black Star Line’ (failed), encouraged Black Pride
 Voting
WW1 –Rights Act AA
350,000 – 1965, made
served BUTliteracy tests saw
only 40,000 illegal, AA’sservice
active can vote equally with whites
 Malcolm X – promote AA heritage/pride etc., strong speaker
Depression – AA unemployment rates doubled that of whites, ‘last to be hired, first to be fired’
 NOI – Nation
Roosevelt of Islam,
– New Deal,Malcolm X, Black
helped AA’s Power,
ended discrimination
discrimination against
in war whites
industries
 Black Power – Stokely Carmichael, direct action and seg.
Truman – Executive orders, against segregation in armed forces from whites (Malcolm X ideas)
 Black
WW2Panthers
– 500,000 – Huey Newton/Bobby
AA’s moved Seale,jobs),
north (better armed, violent, black
segregation in USpride/culture
Army (white & black blood
 Social/economic
separated etc) inequality – 1 in 3 AA in poverty, high crime rates, low educational achievements
 Nixon – Affirmative Action, promote AA employment
 Jesse Jackson – presidential candidate in 1984/1988, first AA to be considered
1945-1954:
Rodney King Affair – Los Angeles, 1991, police brutality, all white jury acquitted the officers, faced
backlash from AA
 NAACP – 1909, Booker T. Washington, anti-lynching, change through courts
 ‘Birth of a Nation’ – NAACP, glorified the KKK, re-emergence
 Lynching – used by white Americans (KKK) to control AA
 Philip Randolph – believed in non-violent protest, wanted discrimination to end in war industries
 Eisenhower – created CR Acts, helped intervene with federal troops during Little Rock
 Brown vs. Board of Education – ruled school segregation to be unconstitutional
 White Citizens Councils – wanted to maintain segregation in the South, opposed to B vs B of Edu.
 Emmett Till – 14 year old AA murdered by 2 white’s, accused of assaulting a white woman in store, all
white jury acquitted the murderers