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Réactivité: Dérivés halogènes

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Cours de M. Chavignon, Paces Premier semestre, réactivité

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October 12, 2016
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UE 1 Réaction – Fonctions monovalentes – Dérivés halogénés O. Chavignon



Dérivés halogénés

1 GENERALITES.................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 SUBSTITUTIONS NUCLEOPHILES ....................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 SUBSTITUTION D’ORDRE 1 SN1 .................................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 SUBSTITUTION D’ORDRE 2 SN2 .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LES SN ................................................................................................................................. 5

3 REACTIONS D’ELIMINATION DES HYDROGENES EN Β ....................................................................................... 6

3.1 ELIMINATION D‘ORDRE 1 E1 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 ELIMINATION D’ORDRE 2 E2 ...................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LES ELIMINATIONS .................................................................................................................. 9
3.4 ORIENTATION DE LA REACTION EN SN OU E .................................................................................................................. 9

4 REACTIONS D’OXYDOREDUCTION .................................................................................................................. 10




1 Généralités
Définition : les dérivés halogénés = souvent notés RX où X désigne un atome d’halogène.
Les dérivés fluorés (X = F) possèdent une réactivité marginale : on ne les traitera pas.

 Dérivé halogéné primaire



 Dérivé halogéné secondaire




 Dérivé halogéné tertiaire


La réactivité des dérivés halogénés vient de la liaison carbone-halogène  Augmentation de taille
induit une augmentation de la longueur de liaison :

F 1,385 Å < Cl 1,784 Å < Br 1,929 Å < I 2,139 Å avec dC-C 1,54 Å / dC-H 1,09 Å

Du fluor à l’iode (F9 < Cl17 < Br35 < I53) :

 La liaison s’allonge
 La force de la liaison diminue
 La polarité diminue



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