NES 051 Professional Knowledge: Elementary Questions and Answers Already Graded A

NES 051 Professional Knowledge: Elementary Questions and Answers Already Graded A Erikson's Theory of Development Individuals experience 8 "crises" throughout their lives. These help develop a person's sense of self. For elementary children, they face industry v. inferiority How to encourage Erikson's "industry" Make sure students have realistic goals Let students show independence Provide support to discourages students PIaget's Theory of Development Infants use sensory and reflexes to engage with their environments and learn There are 4 stages which lead from pre-operational to concrete-operational Pre-operational VS Concrete (Piaget) Concrete operational students can think logically about concrete, real-life objects but cannot reason abstractly How to foster a concrete-operational child Use concrete ops and visual aids Allow students to manipulate objects Brief and organized instruction Build upon past knowledge Foster problem solving Vygotsky Theory of Development Knowledge develops through interaction with their environment and their culture Zone of Proximal Development: Individuals learn the best when challenged to learn with the assistance a better skilled individual Applying Vygotsky Scaffold: Use different resources, models, and props to aid and accent learning Provide resources to support thinking Utilize a student's understanding of their culture Utilize collaboration and engagement Kholberg's theory of development Focused on moral reasoning. Where students make decisions based on whether or not they'll receive a reward or punishment Their moral reasoning is relevant to what everyone else believes Supporting moral and personal development Help students with problems they may face in school (rivalries or teasing) Help students see the perspectives of others (role playing) Connect values to actions Value the privacy of others Foster proper listening (small groups) Utilize a consistent disciplinary system Principles of Child Development Teaching should help students grow across all domains (playing with math; science with writing) Children develop in a predictable sequence Development occurs at different rates A safe learning environment fosters learning Development Milestones (Early Adolescence) Early Adolescence (10-14): Puberty; Ability to think abstractly, Greater interest in peer relationships (sexually and plutonically) Challenges authority Development Milestones (Late Adolescence) (14-18) Sexual maturity and adult height Develop specific eating habits In-depth knowledge of certain topics Career