NAME: JAMAL HASSAN MOHAMMED MAHAMUD
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Foods and liquids are ingested by the
digestive system's organs, which then
break them down into compounds the
body may use for energy, growth, and
tissue repair. The elimination of waste
materials that the body cannot use
through bowel movements depends on
the digestive system. Digestion is crucial
because the body needs nutrients from
food and beverages to function
properly. Thus, a compromised digestive
system might result in a number of
illnesses.
THE MOUTH (BUCCAL CAVITY)
The tongue is a muscle located inside
the mouth that has taste buds and a soft
palate that allows for tasting. Also
located in the buccal cavity, tonsils have
the job of removing microorganisms from food. The mandibles and maxillae, which are the jaws in
the mouth, as well as the facial muscles and
teeth enable us to chew (also known as
mechanical digestion), which is required in
order to ingest food. The mucous membrane,
which lines the inside of the mouth, secretes
mucus to keep the mouth moist. Amylase, a
hydrolytic enzyme, also helps break down food
so that it may be swallowed. Dry mouth is a
condition that can be brought on by
dehydration and occasionally by some drugs.
Dehydration causes difficulty eating and
swallowing food because the body lacks the
necessary fluid for the salivary glands to
generate the saliva.
,NAME: JAMAL HASSAN MOHAMMED MAHAMUD
THE OESOPHAGUS
The oesophagus is a muscular tube that is approximately 25 cm long and 2.5
cm in diameter. Four layers make up the oesophagus's walls, including a
mucus membrane that keeps the oesophagus moist and secretes mucus to
make sure food moves through easily and smoothly. The submucosa, a thick
layer of mucus made of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibres, and
a protective covering on the outside, holds the mucus membrane in place.
By use of peristalsis, the oesophagus forces food into the stomach. The
oesophageal muscle might malfunction occasionally, making it challenging
to drive food and drinks into the stomach. This disorder is referred to as
oesophageal motility, and achalasia is one of its subtypes. When the
oesophageal nerves degrade, the muscle fails to function properly, which
prevents the valve at the bottom of the oesophagus from opening.
According to studies, immunological disorders, in which the patient's own
immune system affects the neurological system, may be the cause of
achalasia. Regurgitation can occasionally occur as a result of this illness.
Although there is no known treatment for achalasia, the symptoms can be
managed with a variety of drugs and surgeries.
THE PHARYNX
In the back of the throat, there is a muscle-lined hollow
known as the pharynx. A person's tongue forms a ball known
as a bolus out of the food that has been thoroughly chewed.
The tongue will then push up against the hard and soft
palates on the roof of the mouth to the pharynx, which is
where swallowing takes place. As swallowing is an automatic
reflex, we don't have to actively control our muscles when
doing it. The tongue pushes up on the roof of the mouth and
the pharyngeal muscle in the throat tightens, blocking the
airway. Dysphagia, the medical word for difficulty swallowing,
can be brought on by medical problems such as stroke, head
trauma, multiple sclerosis, dementia, oesophageal or oral
cancer, or gastro-oesophageal reflex syndromes. Dysphagia
symptoms include choking or coughing when swallowing
items, bringing food back up, chronic saliva dribbling, or
difficulty chewing meals thoroughly. Speech therapy can
teach you new swallowing methods, you can change the consistency of food or liquids to make them
easier to swallow, you can use a tube to feed yourself through your nose or stomach, or you can have
surgery to stretch or put a stent in your oesophagus to make it wider.
, NAME: JAMAL HASSAN MOHAMMED MAHAMUD
THE STOMACH
Under the diaphragm in the upper region of the
abdomen, the stomach is a bag-like structure
comprised of muscle. Its walls are made of a thick
layer of smooth muscle that is lined with
epithelial cells and has longitudinal, circular, and
oblique fibres. When the oesophagus pushes
food down into the stomach, it enters. The
hydrochloric acid and enzymes in gastric juice are
produced by epithelial cells in the stomach. The
peristaltic movement produced by the muscular
stomach walls churns the food and combines it
with enzymes to create chyme. Sometimes the
nerves that regulate how the stomach empties
become damaged, which causes the stomach
muscles to not function properly and slow down
food movement. Known causes of this illness,
gastroparesis, include poorly managed type 1 and
type 2 diabetes and complications from
operations like weight loss surgery or a gastrectomy (removal of part of the stomach). Although
gastroparesis has no known treatment, dietary changes and medical care typically help moderate the
illness.
THE SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine takes up nutrients. The small intestine needs bile and pancreatic juice from the
liver to operate, which is how nutrients are absorbed. The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are all
essential for the absorption of the by-products of digestion
and are in the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter muscle
relaxes at the pyloric end of the stomach as a result of the
chyme's acidity. Chyme can enter the duodenum, but only in
minute amounts. The duodenum is around 25 cm long overall.
The duodenum has a 2.5 cm diameter. It is fastened to the
abdominal wall's dorsal side. Layers of smooth muscle cells
bordered by epithelium make up the duodenum. Normal
beginning point for absorption is the duodenum. Pancreatic
juice, which does contain hydrolytic enzymes, is collected in
the duodenum. The liver also supplies bile to the duodenum
in addition to this. These secretions enter the duodenum
through a region known as the sphincter of Oddi. The jejunum
measures around 3.6 cm in length and has a diameter of
roughly 3.8 cm. From the duodenum to the ileum, it extends.
The jejunum absorbs carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty
acids. The ileum is 3.6 meters long. Compared to the walls of
the jejunum, the ileum's walls are smoother, thinner, and
more strongly folded. The epithelium contains villi, which resemble finger like extensions. These
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Foods and liquids are ingested by the
digestive system's organs, which then
break them down into compounds the
body may use for energy, growth, and
tissue repair. The elimination of waste
materials that the body cannot use
through bowel movements depends on
the digestive system. Digestion is crucial
because the body needs nutrients from
food and beverages to function
properly. Thus, a compromised digestive
system might result in a number of
illnesses.
THE MOUTH (BUCCAL CAVITY)
The tongue is a muscle located inside
the mouth that has taste buds and a soft
palate that allows for tasting. Also
located in the buccal cavity, tonsils have
the job of removing microorganisms from food. The mandibles and maxillae, which are the jaws in
the mouth, as well as the facial muscles and
teeth enable us to chew (also known as
mechanical digestion), which is required in
order to ingest food. The mucous membrane,
which lines the inside of the mouth, secretes
mucus to keep the mouth moist. Amylase, a
hydrolytic enzyme, also helps break down food
so that it may be swallowed. Dry mouth is a
condition that can be brought on by
dehydration and occasionally by some drugs.
Dehydration causes difficulty eating and
swallowing food because the body lacks the
necessary fluid for the salivary glands to
generate the saliva.
,NAME: JAMAL HASSAN MOHAMMED MAHAMUD
THE OESOPHAGUS
The oesophagus is a muscular tube that is approximately 25 cm long and 2.5
cm in diameter. Four layers make up the oesophagus's walls, including a
mucus membrane that keeps the oesophagus moist and secretes mucus to
make sure food moves through easily and smoothly. The submucosa, a thick
layer of mucus made of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibres, and
a protective covering on the outside, holds the mucus membrane in place.
By use of peristalsis, the oesophagus forces food into the stomach. The
oesophageal muscle might malfunction occasionally, making it challenging
to drive food and drinks into the stomach. This disorder is referred to as
oesophageal motility, and achalasia is one of its subtypes. When the
oesophageal nerves degrade, the muscle fails to function properly, which
prevents the valve at the bottom of the oesophagus from opening.
According to studies, immunological disorders, in which the patient's own
immune system affects the neurological system, may be the cause of
achalasia. Regurgitation can occasionally occur as a result of this illness.
Although there is no known treatment for achalasia, the symptoms can be
managed with a variety of drugs and surgeries.
THE PHARYNX
In the back of the throat, there is a muscle-lined hollow
known as the pharynx. A person's tongue forms a ball known
as a bolus out of the food that has been thoroughly chewed.
The tongue will then push up against the hard and soft
palates on the roof of the mouth to the pharynx, which is
where swallowing takes place. As swallowing is an automatic
reflex, we don't have to actively control our muscles when
doing it. The tongue pushes up on the roof of the mouth and
the pharyngeal muscle in the throat tightens, blocking the
airway. Dysphagia, the medical word for difficulty swallowing,
can be brought on by medical problems such as stroke, head
trauma, multiple sclerosis, dementia, oesophageal or oral
cancer, or gastro-oesophageal reflex syndromes. Dysphagia
symptoms include choking or coughing when swallowing
items, bringing food back up, chronic saliva dribbling, or
difficulty chewing meals thoroughly. Speech therapy can
teach you new swallowing methods, you can change the consistency of food or liquids to make them
easier to swallow, you can use a tube to feed yourself through your nose or stomach, or you can have
surgery to stretch or put a stent in your oesophagus to make it wider.
, NAME: JAMAL HASSAN MOHAMMED MAHAMUD
THE STOMACH
Under the diaphragm in the upper region of the
abdomen, the stomach is a bag-like structure
comprised of muscle. Its walls are made of a thick
layer of smooth muscle that is lined with
epithelial cells and has longitudinal, circular, and
oblique fibres. When the oesophagus pushes
food down into the stomach, it enters. The
hydrochloric acid and enzymes in gastric juice are
produced by epithelial cells in the stomach. The
peristaltic movement produced by the muscular
stomach walls churns the food and combines it
with enzymes to create chyme. Sometimes the
nerves that regulate how the stomach empties
become damaged, which causes the stomach
muscles to not function properly and slow down
food movement. Known causes of this illness,
gastroparesis, include poorly managed type 1 and
type 2 diabetes and complications from
operations like weight loss surgery or a gastrectomy (removal of part of the stomach). Although
gastroparesis has no known treatment, dietary changes and medical care typically help moderate the
illness.
THE SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine takes up nutrients. The small intestine needs bile and pancreatic juice from the
liver to operate, which is how nutrients are absorbed. The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are all
essential for the absorption of the by-products of digestion
and are in the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter muscle
relaxes at the pyloric end of the stomach as a result of the
chyme's acidity. Chyme can enter the duodenum, but only in
minute amounts. The duodenum is around 25 cm long overall.
The duodenum has a 2.5 cm diameter. It is fastened to the
abdominal wall's dorsal side. Layers of smooth muscle cells
bordered by epithelium make up the duodenum. Normal
beginning point for absorption is the duodenum. Pancreatic
juice, which does contain hydrolytic enzymes, is collected in
the duodenum. The liver also supplies bile to the duodenum
in addition to this. These secretions enter the duodenum
through a region known as the sphincter of Oddi. The jejunum
measures around 3.6 cm in length and has a diameter of
roughly 3.8 cm. From the duodenum to the ileum, it extends.
The jejunum absorbs carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty
acids. The ileum is 3.6 meters long. Compared to the walls of
the jejunum, the ileum's walls are smoother, thinner, and
more strongly folded. The epithelium contains villi, which resemble finger like extensions. These
