AQA A Level History: Elizabeth I 2023 with verified questions and answers

7th September 1533 Elizabeth I born May 1536 Declared illegitimate after her mother's death 1544 returned to the succession 1554 briefly imprisoned after the Wyatt Rebellion 17th November 1558 parliament proclaimed Elizabeth Queen John Knox criticised Elizabeth in the monstrous regiment of women officially Catholic country after 1555 1558 financial policy £227,000 1558 foreign policy loss of Calais end of Hapsburg-Valois rivalry parliament proclaimed Elizabeth Queen breaking tradition of parliament dissolving and being called by new monarch council supported Elizabeth's claim key appointments Sir William Cecil reappointed 11 councillors appointed 9 new councillors privy council reduced from 40 to 20 December 1558 royal proclamations forbade preaching of non-enshrined practices to stop spread of radicalism 15th January 1559 extravagant coronation made several public appearances Philip of Spain early relationship confirmed lack of opposition by sending the Count of Feria as ambassador to arrange marriage alliance 1559 religious settlement as final word on religion aims settle religious uncertainty achieve a peaceful foreign policy achieve a stable and prosperous reign royal court combined a social and political function employed 15,000 people place of power, opinion and favourites privy chamber largely staffed by women women of the privy chamber often the wives and daughters of leading politicians patronage retained the support of key nobles limited plots and nobles becoming over mighty granted rights to collect taxes in a community have a monopoly over a certain trade foreign exploration peerages made 18 1603 society fewer nobles than in 1558 no single councillor had control of patronage factional rivalry few plots domestic peace key factional rivalries Cecil v Dudley Cecil v Devereux War v Peace privy council central government based on life at court advised the monarch on foreign and public policy acted as a royal court of law privy council size 40 reduced to 20 more efficient and easier to control councillors appointed had opposing views so to give a range of opinions and advice range of councillors caused disagreements and rivalries catholic councillors replaced by a core of professional administrators 1570 privy council advised on use of torture of a prisoner to investigate his role in a murder 1574 privy council advised on the preparedness of troops for intervention in Ireland 1570's privy council reshaped to reduce the influence of traditional conservatives appointing firmly Protestant members protestant privy councillors Sir Francis Walsingham Sir Walter Mildmay Sir Ralph Sadler Ambrose Dudley 1590's privy council met six days a week during the foreign and economic crisis privy council had little influence over issues of the succession, Mary Queen of Scots or the intervention in the Netherlands 1588 privy council Death of Dudley death of Dudley weakened the privy council weakened privy council reduced to 11 men delayed making new appointments new councillors inexperienced sons of former councillors failed to include any representatives of the most important families Cecil prevented from retiring so his son had to support him parliament passed 438 acts parliaments for raising taxes 11 number of parliaments 13 William Cecil controlled the Commons and government legislative program privy councillors in parliament sat on committees to ensure policies were approved bills refused royal assent 60 1585 parliament 15 bills refused royal assent 1593 parliament MP Peter Wentworth arrested and imprisoned for discussing the issue of succession 1601 parliament poor relationship over the issue of monopolies Golden Speech poor relationship over the issue of monopolies crown forced to cooperate Golden Speech highlighted positive relationship with parliament thanked and praised members control of parliament isolated extremists committee control speeches direct intervention control of speaker and MPs proroguing and dissolving sessions privy councillors in parliament created seats isolated extremists through promises of moderate reform committee control organised business at the committee stage Proroguing sessions suspended parliament dissolving sessions forcing a new election created seats 62 local government appointment seen as a great honour justices of the peace responsible for local administration appointed from the gentry and wealthy classes lived in their community justices of the peace weaknesses open to bribery and corruption 1600 government 50 justices of the peace per county lord lieutenants responsible for raising troops, justices of the peace and reporting on local affairs to the privy council 1560 government most counties have a permanent lord lieutenant made supreme governor of Irish church corrupt Sir John Forster made warden of Anglo-scottish border foreign policy aims protect the border with Scotland protect trade in the English channel remove England from conflicts to restore crown finances consolidate her own power 1559 foreign policy treaty of cateau-cambresis Henry II dies French troops sent to Scotland treaty of cateau-cambresis marked the end of the Hapsburg-Valois rivalry agreed Calais would return to England after 8 years with an insurance fee Calais insurance fee £125,000 Henry II dies succeeded by Francis II bringing the Catholic Guise family to power French sent to Scotland Protestant Scottish lords ask England for assistance Cecil urged Elizabeth to intervene in Scotland threatened to resign sympathy for Protestants secure the Northern border Mary was using the English coat of arms make an 'Imperial British state' December 1559 foreign policy English navy deployed to the Firth of Forth to stop more French troops from landing February 1560 foreign policy Treaty of Berwick Treaty of Berwick England offered military support to the Scottish rebels March 1560 foreign policy English army sent North attempt to siege Leith attempt to siege Leith where French troops were based failed Scottish intervention in England's favour death of Mary of Guise French fleet damaged in storm July 1560 foreign policy Treaty of Edinburgh Treaty of Edinburgh Lords of the Congregation were recognised by England and France as the government of Scotland all French and English troops would be withdrawn the English coat of arms would not be used by Scotland December 1560 foreign policy Francis II dies Francis II dies Mary Stuart returns to Scotland forced to accept the dominance of the Protestant lords March 1562 foreign policy Conflict between the Huguenots and French monarchy Conflict between the Huguenots and French monarchy Dudley urged Elizabeth to intervene in France Dudley urged Elizabeth to intervene in France to pressure the French into returning Calais England's intervention in France promised the Price on Conde troops and a loan promised the Price on Conde troops 6000 promised the Price on Conde a loan £300,000 promises to the Prince of Conde in return for control of Le Havre as security Huguenot army was defeated both sides unite against England 1564 foreign policy Treaty of Troyes Treaty of Troyes peace between England and France agreed Calais would not be returned to England loss of the insurance fee worsening relationship with Spain religion trade and exploration security Netherlands worsening relationship with Spain religion seen as heretics and that a war against England would be a Holy war worsening relationship with Spain trade and exploration England attempted to be involved in the domination of the Americas and would attack Spanish ships attempting to block them worsening relationship with Spain Netherlands supported Protestant rebels 1560 foreign policy Protestant's rebel in the Netherlands 1566 foreign policy 10,000 spanish troops led by the Duke of Alba sent to restore order in the Netherlands England remained officially neutral in the Spanish conflict for 20 years reasons to support the Dutch Protestants protect Protestants reduce Spanish influence in Northern Europe protect trade routes and increase channel security show defiance after Spanish support for plots against her Dudley advised in favour reasons to remain neutral in Spanish and Dutch conflict failure of 1562 intervention in France avoid risk of Spanish conflict expensive may encourage further plots against her although neutral England allowed rebel ships to enter English ports English ships regularly disrupted Spanish ships to deliver supplies to the troops in the Netherlands 1567 foreign policy pacification of Ghent pacification of Ghent Dutch rebels demanded the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the area and a return to being an autonomous region 1570's foreign policy French consider invasion of the Netherlands French consider invasion of the Netherlands risked English trade advanced marriage negotiations with the Duke of Anjou treaty of Blois Northern Netherlands Protestant Union of Ultrecht Southern Netherlands Catholic Union of Arras 1579 foreign policy peace between Spain and Union of Arras 1580 foreign policy Philip annexes Portugal 1584 foreign policy William of Orange assassinated treaty of Joinville William of Orange leader of the Dutch rebels treaty of Joinville peace between French Catholics and Spain anti-spanish policy supported Don Antonio rewarded Drake with a knighthood treated Spanish ambassador with contempt treaty of Nonsuch troops in the Netherlands 1585 foreign policy Treaty of Nonsuch Dudley leads force in the Netherlands propagation of the Spanish armada treaty of Nonsuch alliance with Dutch Protestants Dudley leads force in the Netherlands unsuccessful ill disciplined troops two nobles desert defeating the armada skill well prepared Lord Howard of Effingham forced the Spanish into the South Westerly winds instead of directly facing them English guns were long range English boats were smaller and more maneuverable used fire ships to disperse the Spanish off the French coast defeating the armada luck Spanish had not considered the shallow Dutch ports Spanish unprepared Duke of Medina Sidonia lacked skill and experience Difficult journey home, half destroyed in storms and wrecks 1587 foreign policy Sir Francis Drake attacks Cadiz harbor, destroying 100 Spanish ships armada size 130 warships English fleet size 55 warships Duke of Parma's army 30,000 Battle of Gravelines English defeat the Spanish armada Spanish campaign cost £161,000 1589 foreign policy Drake attacks Portugal Henry IV becomes king of France Drake attacks Portugal unsuccessful aim to put Don Antonio on the throne 15,000 men 130 ships Henry IV becomes king of France Huguenot potential ally 1590 foreign policy Duke of Parma invaded France from the Spanish Netherlands 1591 foreign policy Spain captures the 'Revenge' and kills most on board 1592 foreign policy Devereux leads army in support of Henry IV 1593 foreign policy Devereux's army fails in supporting Henry IV Henry IV declares himself Catholic to end the conflict 1594 foreign policy English and Dutch successfully expel the Spanish from the Northern Netherlands the Southern Netherlands gain some autonomy 1595 foreign policy Drake and Hawkins killed by Spanish in the Caribbean 1596 foreign policy Raleigh and Devereux lead raid on Cadiz Second Spanish Armada Raleigh and Devereux lead raid on Cadiz 80,000 men destroy 50 ships prevented Spanish merchants sailing to the West Indies Second Spanish Armada bankrupted Philip destroyed by storms off Ireland 1598 foreign policy Treaty of Vervins Treaty of Vervins peace between Spain and France 1597 foreign policy Third Spanish Armada 1601 foreign policy Fourth Spanish Armada 1604 foreign policy treaty of London treaty of London peace between England and Spain 1565 Mary Stuart married Lord Darnley 1567 Mary Stuart married the Earl of Bothwell Earl of Bothwell Lord Darnley's murderer 1570 religion England excommunicated all catholics called to depose elizabeth Cartwright's lectures 1571 domestic threat Ridolfi plot Ridolfi plot marry the Duke of Norfolk to Mary Stuart Spanish landing in Essex Philip unwilling to support Mary Stuart as queen Duke of Norfolk executed 1583 domestic threat Throckmorton plot Throckmorton plot Planned Spanish landing in Lancashire Planned Spanish landing in Sussex under the Duke of Guise Walsingham's spies uncovered the plot Throckmorton executed Spanish ambassador expelled Earl of Arundel imprisoned for life Bond of Association