Sociology 205 Cohn Exam 2 (final Exam Questions and Answers)

Steven Pinker has a book called ____. The book described ___. - Answer- "Better angels of our nature" convincing argument that crime and violence have gone down worldwide 3 lowest crime rate countries? why is each is so low? - Answer- Switzerland, Singapore, Japan ------------------------------------------------- Swiss = everyone has guns, well regulated Singapore & Japan: nobody has guns 3 ways of measuring crime - Answer- looking at published statistics, Self-report, Victimization study how to prove that a measure is reliable? - Answer- test it multiple times personal crimes: - Answer- crimes between/against a person or people predetory crimes: - Answer- want something from you introspective crime - Answer- roadrage, feeling wronged who's more willing to fight and why? Men or Women? - Answer- Men are more likely to fight because they're always trying to be the alpha-male. Women are more diplomatic Older people are less likely to be robbed because ___. - Answer- older people spend more hours in their homes than young people RACIAL NOTE: _____ are more likely than _____ to be victims of crime. - Answer- Blacks; Whites age group most likely to be the victim of complete violence - Answer- young adults (17-24) what racial group is most likely to be part of completed violence? what about least likely? - Answer- Most likely- black males followed by black females Hispanics are a little more protected because of their large families White women are the safest INCOME: ____ are at a higher risk of crime. - Answer- Poor people why are poor homes broken into more often than rich homes? - Answer- they're easier to break into because they don't have the "state of the art" security systems 59% of crime is caused by ________ ! - Answer- non-strangers (Domestic argument, etc.) usually, Blacks vs. _____, and Whites vs. ______ - Answer- blacks vs. blacks; whites vs. whites what's the key thing to do if you're getting mugged - Answer- know that taking action helps!! CHANGE UP THE SCRIPT ON YOUR ATTACKER social "Norm" - Answer- an unwritten, understood rule of nature What is the difference between a Norm and a Law? - Answer- Norms are unspoken rules, not necessarily written into law. Anomie causes crime..what is Anomie? - Answer- Anomie is the lack of usual social moral standards Tolerant social groups have ___ crime. (more or less?) - Answer- more. the more strict a social group is, the less crime What is marginalism? - Answer- Ethnicity wars.. basically if people treat black people like thugs, then they'll become thugs differential association: - Answer- deviant groups cause crime..conformity makes you less crime probable deterrance - Answer- threat of punishment will deter someone from doing a crime. (i.e: if the penalty for being caught stealing was death, nobody would steal) 3 variables (options to weigh as a potential criminal) when dealing with deterrence - Answer- Will you get caught? Will you be punished? how severe will the punishment be? crime of passion - Answer- a crime of violence (not to make money) but because the person is angry and taking it out on victim *(introspective crime)* Incapacitation - Answer- Putting people in jail/prison. removing them from society Victorian England and Communist China were the best about incapacitation methods. Major crimes have the penalty of death in China, who has a very low crime rate. Why were crime rates so low? - Answer- dead people can't commit crimes ¯_(ツ)_/¯ Preventive policing - Answer- Prevent crimes by just showing up (no crime in certain area because police patrol constantly) Differential Association theory belonged to: - Answer- Southerland Rochester study: - Answer- Looked at kids that had opposite lives found that the more poor and dumber kids caused more crime. Found that joining a gang caused more crimes. Deterrence works on ______ crimes, but not crimes of _____ - Answer- Economic; crimes of passion Clearance rate: - Answer- percentage of reported crimes for which a perpetrator is convicted Sampson and Laub found that: - Answer- (following normal and delinquent kids) it depended on how bad you were. **Also found that delinquency starts very very early in life** anything "Durkheimian" refers to Durkheim's studies on: - Answer- Suicide LIGHTNING KIDNAPPING - Answer- when someone calls saying a family member was kidnapped. Kidnappers never had them the whole time, they were just good enough at extracting the information. empirical - Answer- based on data/experience Demography: - Answer- The study of population The 3 basic demographic processes - Answer- Fertility-birth Mortality-death Migration-relocation Fertility: - Answer- the number of births that women have in the course of a lifetime. DIFFERENT FROM FECUNDITY!! Fecundity: - Answer- the state of being biologically fertile DIFFERENT FROM FERTILITY!! Why did fertility decline under modernization? - Answer- Declining economic value of children Rise of Education Decline of the military value of children Old Age Security Edward Shorter - Answer- court record analyst, gathered evidence from ecclesiastical (religious) courts. Geoffry's Cordial - Answer- Cheap gin is foul and lots of parents were overdosing their children with gin. wet nursing - Answer- A wet nurse is a woman who breast feeds and cares for another's child Stratification - Answer- the study of social inequality. Status attainment - Answer- process of youth attaining a social class in adulthood. Social mobility - Answer- moving up or down in status compared to parents. Blau and Duncan Study (first Q on test!!) + what are the 2 that move prestige? - Answer- Study conducted with males only Measure occupational prestige score - most prestigious to least The only one that moves around in prestige is FARMING and POLICE FaEd - father's education (how many years) FaOc - father's occupation Fathers who are educated/have good jobs will have sons who get good jobs/education The lowest number on the chart is the relationship from father's occupation to his son's occupation America is a meritocracy, this means... - Answer- education is the way to having a great occupation. You have to earn the good job. Sewell and Hauser measured that - Answer- life success is directly proportional to success in studies/grades supported Blau and Duncan's teachings describe racial audit studies - Answer- they get actors and send them somewhere for a study. Did this with white and black students and sent them to the same employer. When an experimental case got hired, is was almost always white White candidates were more likely to get interviews and more likely to get longer interviews. shiftlessness - Answer- meaning you don't have a job and you don't want to work. (kind of like living off the government) Occupational sextyping (+ give example) - Answer- process by which you associate a career as masculine or feminine. example: female secretary) Henry Braverman is associated with that? - Answer- deskilling the modern "job". Basically making jobs easier so "anybody could do them" what do labor unions do? - Answer- Raise wages for workers Raise benefits for workers Reduce unemployment because they can't be fired. The five kondratieff cycles so far... - Answer- Mechanized textiles (industrial revolution) Railroads (railway mania) Structural steel Automobile (rubber, steel, gas and more industries increased) Personal computer / internet 1990-??? Multiplier effect - Answer- when one economic industry boom leads to another and another, etc. Kondratieff cycles are... - Answer- 50 year economic cycles.. 25 years of boom and 25 years of bust.