anthropology test 3 short answer, questions and answers |all correct

anthropology test 3 short answer, questions and answers |all correct Describe the world-system theory by naming and discussing its components. The world system theory is the idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries. This system assigns countries to one of three poisons based on their economic and political clout. These three positions are the core, semi periphery or the periphery. The core is the dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production. The semi periphery are industrialized nations between the core and the periphery. The periphery is the weakest structural and economic position in the world system. Think about our in-class discussion on race and ethnicity, where we discussed applying focal vocabularies to explaining cultural ideas of race. a. Given the focal vocabulary of race in American society, how do these terms reflect our cultural categories of race? b. Using the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, how does the focal vocabulary of race shape how people think? c. How does applying the hegemony concept to these focal vocabularies, help us better understand racial and ethnic inequalities in the United States? a. Often the focal vocabularies describing race in the United States are terms that refer solely to skin tone (ex black, white, yellow) and are often considered derogatory or offensive. This may be a reflection of the American past where there were many great racial tensions and divides. b. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language shapes the way people see the world. Thus our focal vocabularies may be indicative the US has not yet fully overcome these racial barriers and prejudice. c. Hegemony occurs when inequalities become naturalized. The casual use of these derogatory words exemplify how racial divides have become the societal norms in the United States. Give me the anthropological definition for 'race' as well as compare and contrast it to 'ethnicity'. Race are cultural categories based on physical traits but ethnicity are self or group identification within an ethnic group. Ethnicity is more changeable than race meaning individuals can shift or be given different ethic identities and ethnic identities can be formed (ex multicultural interactions). Ethnicity and race both coexist and contribute to the an individuals identity and overall self-concept. Discuss the differences between race and ethnicity. As well, discuss why people often confuse these two terms. Race are cultural categories based on physical traits but ethnicity are self or group identification within an ethnic group. Ethnicity is more changeable than race meaning individuals can shift or be given different ethic identities and ethnic identities can be formed (ex multicultural interactions). Race and ethnicity are often assumed to be the same because ethnicity also is dependent on skin tone, however it is also influenced by many other physical and cultural attributes. They also both coexist and contribute to the an individuals identity & overall self-concept and are the cause of many social tensions. One of the big research questions for anthropologists is to describe how economies are organized particularly thinking about systems of distribution and exchange. Describe how these economic systems reflect social connections and give one cultural example. Economies are organized in many unique ways across a variety of cultures however they are all influenced by how societies are socially constructed. For example, in chiefdoms (like those found in Polynesia) there are ranked horticulturalist and agriculturalists societies with single leaders and redistributive economies. In a redistributive economy, wealth is redistributed throughout a community (taxation). Anthropologists describe how economies are organized particularly in regards to systems of distribution and exchange. Name the three systems of exchange and then for ONE of the systems describe the type of society in which it is primary and the kind of social connections it reflects. There are three primary ways economics are organized in regard to distribution and exchange. These are market economies, redistributive, and reciprocity. In a redistributive society, wealth is redistributed throughout the community through means such as taxation. This is indicative that while there are social hierarchies, societies value all individuals and strive for equality, with the exception of chiefs who hold most political, economic, and social power. How are non-industrial societies' economic activities different from industrialized societies'? Non industrialized are often characterized by redistribution and reciprocity in contrast to industrialized societies which involve a market principle. Non industrialized societies focus more on the overall success of the community rather than individual success. What is Social Control in the political process? Name at least 2 ways we see how social control functions in a society and provide cultural examples. Social control is how systems of power maintain social interactions. There are many ways we see social control function in our society. For example, informal processes of social control include social pressures like gossip or peer pressure accusations, such as Dr. Gonzalez's friend, Ellie, the supposed witch. Another example is informal political institutions like the United States' political parties. Discuss the issues of hegemony and resistance. Who proposed these concepts and what is their relevance in terms of understanding power and state society? Antonio Gramsci (1971) proposed the concept of hegemony which is the stratified social order that emerges inequalities become naturalized because subordinates accept their fate within the social hierarchy. Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault proposed that it is easier to control people mental instead of physically. They believed that resistance, when people refuse to conform to social control, can be avoided if the subordinates believe that there is future potential for them to gain power in state society and climb the latter of the social hierarchy. What is the difference between kin terms and genealogical kin types? Why would an anthropologist want to make such a distinction? Kin terms are words used for different relatives in a particular language and language and system of kinship calculation, they are largely based on cultural and linguistic roots. Genealogical kin types, by contrast, refer to biology, an actual genealogical relationship. Understanding the biological relationship between families helps anthropologist understand how families were formed from a cultural and evolutionary stand point. There are four kinship classification systems (i.e., kinship terminology/focal vocabularies) discussed in class. Name the four systems. Choose one system and answer the following three questions: a. How many kinship terms are used in the parental generation in this system? b. Which adaptive strategies are associated with this system? c. What is an example of a group that uses this system? the four kinship classification systems are: lineal terminology, bifurcate merging terminology, generational terminology, and bifurcate collaterale terminology. a. four parental generation terms: mother, father, aunt, uncle b. correlated with bilateral descent, foraging and industrial, adaptive strategies c. the Inuits Recall the second discussion on cultural concepts of gender and gender types. Please quickly describe the anthropological understanding of gender. How do gender categories used in Hawaiian culture fit in this description? How does this compare to the larger American culture? Gender is a cultural construction of sexual differences, includes shared ideas about categories female to male based both in biology and culture. In Hawaiian culture, gender has always been viewed on a general spectrum female to male and those who find themselves in the middle have a unique or individual role and purpose in society. In American culture, gender has not always been so fluid and males & females have assumed specific roles defined by cultural expectations. However, America does appear to be moving towards a more accepting, open, and fluid view on gender and gender roles. Describe the gender domestic-public dichotomy in terms of kinship systems and adaptive strategies and explain how they affect gender stratification. The domestic-public dichotomy refers to the differentiation between the home and the outside world. Generally across cultures, domestic activities are dominated by women and public activities are restricted to men which largely restricted men and women to their specific gender roles. What are the three cultural factors that best correlate to female gender status in society? What activities, abilities, and/or descent principles seem to determine the status of women the most? Three cultural factors that best correlate to female gender status is descent principles, economic roles, and domestic & public roles. The cultural view on the domestic-public dichotomy largely influences the status of women. The domestic-public dichotomy is the differentiation between the home and the outside the world. For example, if woman is primarily viewed as a homemaker or a child bearer than she will have little social status and will not be valued in the labor force. Why do plural marriages exist? What is the most common cultural advantage it has for various societies? What other reasons explain the existence and acceptance in some societies and cultures? There is no singular reason that plural marriages exist but may speculate that it's largely because of political reasons, to equalize sex ratios, and ensure economic cooperation. A common advantage of plural marriages is to reduce serial monogamy, or when people feel limited to one spouse thus there a far higher divorce rates. Marriages ideas and practices exist in all societies, but why do people get married? What are some of the social and cultural meaning of marriage (the traits) and give at least one example? Marriage is one of the basic building blocks of all societies therefore there are many reasons people may get married. Marriage is a social and culturally approved relationship and is primarily about descent and connections. In most societies, marriage implies certain permitted sexual access and connects two descent groups. One example of a connection made through marriage is economic wealth exchange between two unilinear groups like a bride wealth and dowry. First, define the expression of religion that we call "mana." Second, provide ONE example of "mana" in contemporary American culture, whether personal experience, observation, or societal fiction. Mana is the belief in supernatural impersonal forces. Mana is believed to reside in people, animal, plants, or objects. Object including "good luck charms" like a rabbit's foot or heads up penny.