Chapter 2
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = #𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠−𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑡−1
−1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡−1
−1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑃𝑆 × (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑅𝑂𝐴 × 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑅𝑂𝐴 × (1 + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 × 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (1 − 𝑅) = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 − 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑊𝐶 − 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑊𝐶
𝑁𝑊𝐶 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑊𝐶 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = #𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠−𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑡−1
−1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡−1
−1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑃𝑆 × (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑅𝑂𝐴 × 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑅𝑂𝐴 × (1 + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 × 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (1 − 𝑅) = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑥 = 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 − 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑊𝐶 − 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑊𝐶
𝑁𝑊𝐶 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑊𝐶 = 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠